Crystallography : introduction to the study of minerals / Celia Marcos.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Marcos, Celia, author.

Series:

Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Crystallography.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (527 pages)

Place of Publication:

Cham, Switzerland : Springer, [2023]

Summary:

This textbook presents an extensive manual of crystallography, including geometric crystallography, crystallochemistry, and crystallophysics. Illustrated with a wealth of figures and diagrams, it offers a thorough introduction to crystals for undergraduate and graduate students interested in learning the essentials and advanced concepts of crystallography. The book begins with basic concepts such as the geometry, morphology and symmetry of lattices, allowing readers to approach the subject from a mathematical point of view, abstracting it from its material content. In turn, the second part focuses on crystallochemistry and explains the differences between ideal and real crystals, and between static and dynamic ones. The third part of the textbook concerns crystallophysics and addresses the electrical, magnetic, mechanical, elastic and optical properties of crystals, as well as the fundamental laws and methods of X-ray diffraction.

Contents:

Intro

Preface

Acknowledgements

Contents

Part I Geometric Crystallography

1 Introduction to Crystallography

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Crystallography and Mineralogy

1.3 Historical Background

1.4 Crystalline State

1.5 Crystal, Monocrystal, and Crystalline Aggregate

1.6 Crystalline Structure

References

2 Periodicity, Crystalline Lattices, Symbols, and Notations

2.1 Crystal Lattice

2.2 Translation

2.3 Plane Lattices

2.4 Space Lattices

2.5 Lattice Origin

2.6 Elemental Cell

2.7 Unit Cell

2.8 Cell Parameters

2.9 Cell Volume

2.10 Properties of Crystal Lattice

2.11 The Crystal as Interpenetrated Parallel Lattices

2.12 Lattice Elements

2.12.1 Node

2.12.2 Lattice Row

2.12.3 Lattice Plane

2.13 Lattice Spacing

2.14 Tautozonal Planes

2.15 Reticular Density

2.16 Crystal Face

2.17 Crystal Edge

2.18 Reciprocal Lattice

2.19 Relations Between the Direct and Reciprocal Lattices

3 Symmetry and Lattices

3.1 Concept of Symmetry

3.2 Symmetry Contained in the Lattices

3.3 Symmetry Operation

3.4 Element of Symmetry

3.5 Translation

3.6 Symmetry Proper Operations

3.6.1 Rotations

3.7 Symmetry Proper Operations

3.7.1 Rotation-Inversion

3.7.2 Reflection-Translation (Glide)

3.7.3 Rotation-Translation

4 Point Symmetry

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Point Group Definition

4.3 Rules that Condition the Presence of Several Symmetry Elements in the Same Point Group

4.4 Crystalline System

4.5 Point Group Symbol

4.6 Symmetry Operations of Point Groups

4.7 Point Groups and Crystal Classes

4.8 Two-Dimensional Point Groups and Point Groups of the Plane Lattices

4.9 Three-Dimensional Point Groups and Three-Dimensional Lattices Point Groups

4.10 Crystalline Forms.

4.11 Zone and Zone Axis

4.12 Bundle of Normals to Faces

4.13 Crystalographic Projections

4.13.1 Spherical Projection

4.13.2 Stereographic Projection

4.14 Crystallographic Calculations

5 Space Groups

5.1 Space Groups Definitions

5.2 Space Group Symmetry Operations

5.3 Derivation of Space Groups

5.4 Space Group Symbol

5.5 Plane Space Groups and Symbol

5.6 Equivalent Positions

5.7 Graphic Description of Space Groups

Part II Crystallochemistry

6 Crystal Structures, Compact Packing, Coordination

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Crystalline Structures

6.3 Bonds in Crystalline Structures

6.4 Ionic Crystals

6.5 Covalent Crystals

6.6 Metal Crystals

6.7 Compact Packing

6.8 Size of Atoms

6.9 Coordination, Pauling Rules

6.10 Positions in Compact Packaged Structures

7 Crystal Structures

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Compact Cubic Structures

7.2.1 Gold Structure

7.3 Compact Hexagonal Structures

7.3.1 Magnesium Structure

7.4 Body-Centered Cubic Structures

7.4.1 Iron Structure

7.5 Structures Derived from Compact Cubic Packing

7.5.1 Halita (NaCl)

7.5.2 Fluorite-Type Structures (CaF2)

7.5.3 Sphalerite-Type Structures (ZnS)

7.5.4 Diamond

7.6 Structures Derived from Compact Hexagonal Packing

7.6.1 Nickelite Structure (NiAs)

7.6.2 Wurtzite Structure (ZnS)

7.7 Other Structural Types

7.7.1 CsCl Type Structure

7.7.2 Calcite Structure (CaCO3)

7.7.3 Spinel Structure (AB2O4)

7.8 Silicate Structures

8 Defects

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Order and Disorder

8.3 Crystalline Defects

8.4 Point Defects

8.4.1 Point Defects and Solid-State Diffusion

8.4.2 Point Defects and Color in Crystals and Minerals

8.4.3 Point Defects and Chemical Composition.

8.5 Linear Defects

8.6 Two-Dimensional Defects

8.7 Three-Dimensional Defects

9 Polymorphism and Polymorphic Transformations Transformation Order-Disorder

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Stability and Equilibrium

9.3 Polymorphism and Polymorphic Transformations of Crystals and Minerals

9.4 Thermodynamic Aspect of Polymorphic Transformations

9.5 Mechanisms of Polymorphism

Part III Crystallophysics

10 Relationship Between Symmetry and Physical Properties

10.1 Physical Property

10.2 Scalar Properties

10.2.1 Density

10.2.2 Specific Gravity

10.2.3 Specific Heat or Specific Heat Capacity

10.3 Tensor Properties

11 Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Crystals and Minerals

11.1 Electromagnetic Waves and Maxwell Equations

11.2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

11.3 Propagation of Light in a Transparent Crystal

11.4 Electrical Polarization, Local Electric Field, and Velocity of Light in a Crystal

11.5 Electromagnetic Spectrum

11.6 Isotropic Crystals and Minerals

11.7 Anisotropic Crystals and Minerals

11.7.1 Uniaxial Crystals and Minerals

11.7.2 Orthorhombic, Monoclinic and Triclinic Crystals and Minerals

11.8 Dispersion

12 Representation Surfaces of Optical Properties of Crystals

12.1 Introduction-Representation Surfaces of Optical Properties of Crystals

12.2 Ellipsoid of the Indices or Optical Indicatrix of the Transparent Crystals

12.2.1 Ellipsoid of the Indices and Indicatrix Surface of Reflectance of the Isotropic Crystals and Minerals

12.2.2 Ellipsoid of the Indices and Indicatrix Surface of Reflectance of the Anisotropic Crystals and Minerals

12.3 Surface Indicatrix of Reflectance of the Absorbent (Opaque) Crystals and Minerals.

12.3.1 Surface Indicatrix of Reflectance of the Isotropic Crystals and Minerals

12.3.2 Surface Indicatrix of Reflectance of the Anisotropic Crystals and Minerals

Reference

13 The Polarizing Microscope

13.1 Polarizing Transmission Microscope

13.2 Reflection Polarizing Microscope

13.3 Illumination Types

13.4 Sample Preparation

14 Optical Properties of Transparent Crystals and Minerals

14.1 Orthoscopic Arrangement of the Microscope

14.1.1 Observations with Plane Polarized Light

14.1.2 Observations with Polarized and Analyzed Light

14.2 Conoscopic Microscope Arrangement

14.3 Optical Activity

14.4 Dispersion

15 Optical Properties of Opaque Crystals

15.1 Orthoscopic Arrangement of the Microscope

15.1.1 Observations with Polarized Light

15.2 Observations with Crossed Polarizers (Polarized and Analyzed Light)

15.3 Conoscopic Arrangement of the Microscope

15.3.1 Observations with Polarized Light

15.4 Dispersion

15.4.1 Color and Dispersion Effects

15.4.2 Anisotropic Effects Between Crossed Polarizers

15.4.3 Dispersion in the Polarization Figures

16 Electrical, Magnetic, Mechanical, and Elastic Properties

16.1 Electrical Properties

16.1.1 Pyroelectricity

16.1.2 Piezoelectricity

16.2 Magnetic Properties

16.2.1 Introduction

16.2.2 Types of Minerals According to Magnetic Properties

16.3 Mechanical Properties

16.3.1 Cleavage

16.3.2 Tenacity

16.3.3 Hardness

16.4 Elastic Properties

16.4.1 Homogeneous Deformation

16.4.2 Thermal Expansion or Expansion

16.4.3 Compressibility

17 Methods and Applications of X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography and Mineralogy

17.1 Nature of X-rays

17.2 X-ray Production, X-ray Tube

17.3 Spectra Emitted by X-ray Tube.

17.4 X-ray Diffraction Theory

17.5 Laue Equations

17.6 Bragg's Law and X-ray Reflection

17.7 Ewald Sphere or Reflection Sphere

17.8 X-ray Intensity, Atomic Scattering Factor, Structure Factor

17.9 Symmetry of Diffraction Effects, Laue Classes

17.10 Application of X-ray Diffraction in Crystals and Minerals

17.11 X-ray Diffraction Methods

17.11.1 Laue Method

17.11.2 Oscillation Method

17.11.3 Weissenberg Method

17.11.4 Precession Method

17.11.5 Powder Diffractometry Method

17.11.6 Goniometric Methods: 4-circle Diffractometer

17.11.7 Synchrotron Radiation-Based Methods

Appendix I Correspond to Chapter 4

Appendix II Correspond to Chapter 4

Appendix III Correspond to Chapter 9

Appendix IV

Appendix V

Appendix VI

Appendix VII.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Marcos, Celia Crystallography

ISBN:

9783030967833