Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible / Emanuel Tov.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Tov, Emanuel.

Standardized Title:

Bikoret nusah ha-Mikra. English.

Language:

English

Hebrew

Subjects (All):

Bible. Old Testament--Criticism, Textual.

Bible.

Bible. Old Testament.

Genre:

Criticism, interpretation, etc.

Physical Description:

xlv, 524 page. : illustration ; 24 cm.

Edition:

4th rev. and exp. ed.

Place of Publication:

Minneapolis : Fortress Press, ©2022.

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: I. HEBREW AND TRANSLATED SCRIPTURE: THE TEXTS

ch. 1 Introduction

1. Hebrew Bible

2. What is Textual Criticism?

3. Readings

4. Variants

5. Hebrew Variants Reflected in Modern Translations

6. Textual Criticism and Exegesis

7. Where is/are "the Text(s) of the Bible" to be Found?

8. Different Levels of Analysis

9. Presentation of Textual Sources and Variants in This Introduction

10. Textual Criticism and Orality

11. Names of the Scripture Books According to MT and the LXX

12. A Modern Approach to Textual Criticism

13. Text Editions and Further Reading

ch. 2 Printed Editions, Translations, and Digital Editions of the Hebrew Text

1. Different Text Editions and Translations

1.1. Some Nonscholarly Editions

2. Differences in Details between Text Editions

2.1. Sequence of the Biblical Books

2.2. Chapter Division

2.3. Layout of the Text

2.4. Verse Division

2.5. Single Letters and Words

2.6. Vowels and Cantillation Marks

2.7. Notes of the Masorah

2.8. Printing Errors

2.9. Results

3. Central Position of the Masoretic Text among the Bible Editions

3.1. Modern Translations

4. Digital Text Editions and Textual Criticism

4.1. Concept of a Bible Book

4.2. Shape of the Ancient Book

4.3. Margins of the Text Block

4.4. Layout of Poetry

4.5. Section Divisions

4.6. Presentation of the Masorah and the Ketiv

Qere

5. Text Editions and Further Reading

ch. 3 The (Proto-)Masoretic Text: Introduction and Characterization

1. Evidence

2. The Early Layer of MT: The Proto-Masoretic Texts from the Judean Desert

2.1. The Consonantal Framework of the Proto-Masoretic Text: Description and Evidence

2.1.1. Proto-Masoretic Text or Texts?

2.2. Paratextual Elements in the Proto-Masoretic Texts

2.2.1. Section Divisions

2.2.2. Extraordinary Points

2.2.3. Inverted Nunim

2.2.4. Suspended Letters

2.2.5. Section Divisions in the Middle of a Verse

3. The Medieval Layer of the Masoretic Text

3.1. Vowels

3.2. Cantillation Marks

3.3. Masorah

3.3.1. Ketiv

3.4. Masoretic Text or Texts?

4. Full Masoretic Manuscripts

5. Ancient and Modern Translations Based on the (Proto-)Masoretic Text

5.1. Ancient Translations

5.2. Modern Translations

5.2.1. Translation Fashions

6. MT-Like Texts

7. Character of the (Proto-)Masoretic Text

7.1. Brief Characterizations of the Masoretic Text

7.2. Inconsistency in Spelling within the Masoretic Text

7.3. Types of Spelling Differences within the Masoretic Text

7.4. Key Features of the Masoretic Text

7.4.1. Diversity between Books

7.4.2. A Few Features of Consistent Spelling

8. Comparing Details in the Masoretic Text to Other Text Traditions

9. Development of the Proto-Masoretic Text

9.1. Formation of the Proto-Masoretic Text

9.2. Preservation of the Proto-Masoretic Text

9.3. Persons behind the Proto-Masoretic Text

9.4. Comparison with Greek Corpora from the Judean Desert

9.5. The Proto-Masoretic Text as a Protorabbinic Text

9.5.1. Synagogues

9.5.2. Tefillin

9.5.3. Scripture Quotations in Rabbinic Literature and Other Sources

9.6. Non-Use of the Proto-MT in Second Temple Compositions

10. Text Editions and Further Reading

ch. 4 Passages in the Masoretic Text in Parallel Transmission

1. Nature of the Parallel Transmission

2. Parallel Text Samples within the Masoretic Text

2.1. MT-Gen 10:1

29 Compared with MT-1 Chr 1:4

23 ("Table of the Nations")

2.2. MT-Psalm 14 Compared with MT-Psalm 53

2.3. MT-2 Sam 23:8

39 Compared with MT-1 Chr 11:11

41 (David's Warriors)

2.3.1. Spelling

2.3.2. Textual Phenomena

2.3.3. Linguistic Differences

2.3.4. Synonymous Words or Forms

2.3.5. Small Content Differences

3. Implications for Text-Critical Analysis

4. RaDaK's Explanation of Scribal Interchanges

ch. 5 Biblical Fragments among the Dead Sea Scrolls

1. Introduction

2. The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Text of the Bible

3. Textual Variety at Qumran and in Ancient Israel

4. Text Groups and Clusters among the Scrolls from Qumran and the Judean Desert

4.1. Proto-MT Scrolls from Judean Desert Sites Other Than Qumran

4.2. MT-Like Scrolls from Qumran

4.3. Pre-Samaritan Scrolls from Qumran

4.4. Texts Close to the Presumed Hebrew Source of the LXX from Qumran

4.5. Nonaligned Scrolls from Qumran

4.6. Liturgical Scrolls with Scripture Content

4.6.1. Liturgical Torah Scrolls

4.6.2. Liturgical Psalms Scrolls

4.6.3. Tefillin

4.7. Appendix 1: Texts Written in the Qumran Scribal Practice

4.8. Appendix 2: Borderline Scripture Texts

4.9. Internal Statistics of the Different Qumran Texts

5. Summary: Contribution of the Dead Sea Scrolls to Biblical Research

6. Sample Texts from Qumran

6.0. Font Coding

6.1. 4QSama Col. 2 (1 Sam 1:22

2:9)

6.2. 4QSama Col. 10 (1 Sam 10:27

11:2)

6.3. 4QRPc (4Q365) 6aii and c Lines 1

7 (X + Exod 15:22

26) ("Song of Miriam")

6.4. 4QRPd (4Q366) 4 I (Num 29:39

30:1 + Deut 16:13

14)

6.5. 1QIsaa Col. 1 (Isa 1:1

26)

6.6. 4QJosha Col. 1 1

2 (Josh 8:34

35; 4:18; 5:2

7)

6.7. 4QCantb

6.7.1. 4QCantb Col. 3 Frg. 2 ii (Cant 4:1b

3, 8

11a)

6.7.2. 4QCantb Col. 4 Frg. 3 (Cant 4:14

5:1)

6.8. 11QPsa Cols. 16 7

16, 17

6.9. 4QTestimonia (4Q175), Displaying Textual Variety

7. Text Editions and Further Reading

ch. 6 The Samaritan Pentateuch and Its Precursors

1. Background of the Samaritan Pentateuch

2. Texts and Editions of the Samaritan Pentateuch

2.1. Pre-Samaritan Texts from Qumran

3. Nature of the Text of the SP Group

3.1. Early Elements in the Samaritan Pentateuch

3.1.1. Editorial Changes

3.2. Small Harmonizing Alterations

3.3. Facilitating Readings in the Samaritan Pentateuch

3.4. Samaritan Ideological Readings

3.5. Approach of the SP Group towards Earlier Texts

4. Centrality and Diffusion of the Pre-Samaritan Texts

4.1. The SP Group and the Septuagint of the Torah

4.2. Diffusion of the Pre-Samaritan Texts

5. Sample Text: Exodus 21 in the Samaritan Pentateuch

6. Text Editions and Further Reading

ch. 7 The Ancient Translations

1. Primary Translations

1.1. Background

1.2. Reconstruction of the Hebrew Source of the Translations

1.3. Exegesis

1.3.1. Linguistic Exegesis

1.3.2. Contextual and Theological Exegesis

2. Secondary Translations

3. Text Editions and Further Reading

ch. 8 The Septuagint

1. Name

2. Nature and Content

3. Evidence

4. Dates of the First Translations

5. Jewish Origin and Use by Christians

6. Translation Character

7. Reconstruction of the Hebrew Source of the Septuagint

7.1. The Parallel Aligned Text of the Greek and Hebrew Bible (CATSS)

8. Nature and Origin of the Hebrew Sources of the Septuagint

8.1. Harmonization in LXX-Torah

8.2. Provenance of the Hebrew Sources of the Septuagint

8.3. Status of the Hebrew Sources of the Septuagint

9. The LXX and the Literary Analysis of Hebrew Scripture

9.0. Shared Features of the Sources of the LXX in the Scripture Books?

9.1. The Septuagint of Jeremiah

9.1.1. Comparison of the Septuagint with 4QJerd and MT in Jeremiah 43

9.1.2. Comparison of the Septuagint with 4QJerb and MT in Jeremiah 10

9.1.3. Comparison of the Septuagint with MT in Jeremiah 27

9.2. The Septuagint of Joshua

9.2.1. Joshua 20 in the Septuagint and Masoretic Text

9.2.2. Josh 24:33a

b in the Septuagint

9.3. Deut 32:43 in the Septuagint, Masoretic Text, and 4QDeutq

9.4. The Septuagint of 1 Samuel 16

18

9.5. Some Sequence Differences between MT and the LXX

9.6. Evaluation of Literary Differences between Textual Sources

10. Revisions of the Old Greek translation

10.1. Emergence of the Revisions

10.2. Pre-Hexaplaric Revisions, the Hexapla, Post-Hexaplaric Revisions

10.2.1. Kaige-Theodotion

10.2.2. Aquila

10.2.3. Symmachus

10.2.4. Hexapla

10.2.5. Lucian

11. Text Editions and Further Reading

ch. 9 Remaining Ancient Primary Translations

1. The Targumim (Aramaic [T])

1.1. Dating

1.2. Text-Critical Value

1.3. Targumim to the Torah

1.3.1. Targum Onkelos (To)

1.3.2. Palestinian Targumim

1.4. Targum to the Prophets

1.5. Targumim to the Writings

2. Peshitta ([Sjyriac)

2.1. Text-Critical Value

3. Vulgate (Latin [V])

3.1. Canon

3.2. Text-Critical Value

4. Text Editions and Further Reading

II. PRACTICING TEXTUAL CRITICISM

ch. 10 Copying and Transmitting the Biblical Texts

1. Copying the Biblical Texts

1.1. Scrolls and Codices

1.2. Content and Scope of Scrolls

1.3. Word Division

1.4. Final and Nonfinal Letters

1.5. Text Divisions

1.5.1. Division into Verses

1.5.2. Division into Sections

1.5.3. Division into Psalms

1.5.4. Division into Books

1.6. Scribal Layout of Poetry

1.7. Scribal Correction

1.8. Writing of Divine Names

1.9. Appearance of Biblical Scrolls

1.10. Scribes of Biblical Scrolls

2. Spelling

2.1. Development of Spelling

2.2. Different Spelling Practices in the Biblical Texts

3. Scripts

3.1. Change of Script

Contents note continued: 4. Scribal Activity

4.0. Copying from a Written Source or from Memory?

4.1. Readings Created during the Textual Transmission: Errors and Unconscious Changes

4.1.1. Minuses

4.1.2. Pluses

4.1.3. Interchanges of Letters

4.1.4. Differences in Sequence

4.1.5. Differences in Word Division

4.2. Readings Created during the Textual Transmission: Content Changes

4.2.1. Linguistic Changes

4.2.2. Creation of Synonymous Readings

4.2.3. Exegetical Changes

4.2.4. Harmonizations

4.2.5. Additions to the Body of the Text

5. Scribal-Editorial Activity: Rewriting the Scripture Text Based on Existing Scrolls?

6. Scribal Traditions and Schools

ch. 11 Textual and Literary Criticism Combined

1. Textual Criticism as an Interdisciplinary Activity

2. Textual and Literary Criticism

3. Background of Literary Variation

4. Evidence

4.1. Literary Variants Analyzed Elsewhere in This Book

4.2. Literary Variants Compared with the Masoretic Text

4.2.1. Variants in Textual Sources Presumably Preceding MT

4.2.2. Variants in Textual Sources Presumably Postdating MT

4.2.3. Unclear Relation between the Textual Sources and MT

4.3. Literary Differences between Parallel Texts within the Masoretic Text

5. Tendencies within Literary Variation

6. Evaluation of Literary Variants

7. Further Reading

ch. 12 Shape(s) and Development of the Early Texts of the Bible

1. Relevance of Orality for the Analysis of the Early Texts

2. Shape(s) of the Early Texts

2.1. Theoretical-Philosophical Aspects

2.2. History of the Inquiry into the Early Scripture Texts

2.3. Influence of the Literary Development on the Models of the Early Scripture Texts

2.4. Two Theoretical Models of (an) Early Text(s)

2.5. Textual Evaluation Applied to Models a and b

3. Development of the Biblical Texts

3.1. Early Period until ca. 250 BCE

3.2. Period from ca. 250 BCE until 132

135 CE

3.2.1. Appendix: The Severus Scroll, A Popular Text from Ancient Israel

4. Scribal Approaches to the Act of Copying

4.1. Emergence of Scribal Text Groups of Scripture Texts

4.2. Scribal Group of Paleo-Hebrew Texts from Qumran

4.3. Scribal Group of Texts Written in the Qumran Scribal Practice

4.4. Scribal Group of Proto-Masoretic Texts from the Judean Desert

4.5. Tefillin

4.6. Statistics and Conclusions

5. Creation of Variants

5.1. Textual Variety Resulting from Editorial and Scribal Processes

5.2. Textual Variety and Authority

5.3. Continuity in the Creation of Readings

5.4. Text Types and Recensions?

6. Coincidence Explaining the Differing Fates of the Scripture Books

6.1. Coincidence of Preserved Text Patterns

6.2. Number and Nature of the Text Branches

6.2.1. Number of the Text Branches

7. From Textual Variety to Uniformity: The Myth of Textual Stabilization

8. Textual Character of Some Scripture Books

8.1. Torah

8.2. MT-Samuel

9. Summary: Textual Variety, Tripartite Division, Two Text Blocks?

10. Further Reading

ch. 13 Practicing Textual Criticism

1. Praxis of Textual Criticism

2. Emending the Text

2.1. Emendations Suggested in the Editions in the BH Series

3. Comparison of Readings

3.1. Reconstruction of Readings Included in the Early Texts

3.2. Genetic Readings

3.3. Nongenetic Readings

3.4. Which Stage of the Early Texts Do We Aim at When Expressing an Opinion on the Priority of Readings?

3.5. Analyzing Textual and Literary Variants

3.6. Position of the Masoretic Text

4. Rules for Comparing Readings?

5. Textual Criticism: Practical Aspects

5.1. Text Editions

5.2. Digital Tools

5.3. Textual Commentaries

6. Further Reading

ch. 14 Scholarly Text Editions

1. Nonscholarly and Scholarly Editions

2. The Biblia Hebraica Series

2.1. Shared Features of BHK and BHS

2.2. Features of BHQ

3. Hebrew University Bible

3.1. Features of the Hebrew University Bible

4. Eclectic Text Editions

5. General Trend: Move towards the Masoretic Text

5.1. Which Text Edition is Preferable?

ch. 15 Appendix: Hebrew Bible Textual Criticism Compared with the Textual Criticism of Other Literatures

1. Textual Approaches to Other Literatures: Positive Evidence

2. Textual Approaches to Other Literatures: Negative Evidence

ch. 16 Suggestions for Exercises

ch. 17 Glossary.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN:

1506483488

9781506483481

OCLC:

1292590019