Alkali-activated materials in environmental technology applications / edited by Tero Luukkonen.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Luukkonen, Tero, editor.

Series:

Woodhead Publishing series in civil and structural engineering.

Woodhead Publishing series in civil and structural engineering

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Alkali-aggregate reactions.

Green technology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (457 pages)

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Kidlington : Woodhead Publishing, [2022]

Biography/History:

Tero Luukkonen is an assistant professor at the Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland. He received his PhD degree in 2016 in physical chemistry at the Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Finland. Between 2010 and 2017, he worked in R&D positions at three start-up companies operating in the clean-technology sector. His current tenure-track assistant professor position is related to the development of high-value materials from inorganic side streams. His research interests include materials chemistry and waste treatment and environmental applications of alkali-activated materials in which areas he has authored more than 40 peer-reviewed articles.

Summary:

"Alkali-Activated Materials in Environmental Technology Applications discusses what novel possibilities alkali-activated materials provide in comparison to conventional materials (such as high-temperature ceramics, synthetic zeolites, or organic polymers). The specific environmental applications that are covered include water and wastewater treatment, air pollution control, stabilization/solidification of hazardous wastes, and catalysts in chemical processes. In addition, preparation methods, material properties, and the chemistry of alkali-activated materials are revisited from the viewpoint of environmental technology applications. This book also discusses how well alkali-activated materials fit under the concepts of green chemistry and circular economy and how the life cycle analysis of these materials compares to conventional materials."--Title details screen

Contents:

Front Cover

Alkali-Activated Materials in Environmental Technology Applications

Copyright Page

Contents

List of contributors

Preface

1 Alkali-activated materials in environmental technology: introduction

1.1 Scope of this book

1.2 Definition of the key terminology

1.3 The origins of alkali-activated materials

1.4 Beyond construction materials

1.5 Summary

References

2 Chemistry and materials science of alkali-activated materials

2.1 Fundamental chemistry

2.1.1 Reactivity in alkaline media

2.1.2 Low CaO-content aluminosilicate sources

2.1.3 High CaO-content aluminosilicate sources

2.1.4 Moderate CaO-content aluminosilicate sources

2.2 Structural models

2.2.1 Structural models for C-S-H gel

2.2.2 Structural models for N-A-S-H gel

2.3 Concluding remarks

3 Geopolymeric nanomaterials

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Primer of geopolymer chemistry for syntheses of geopolymeric nanomaterials

3.2.1 Geopolymerization reaction

3.2.2 Geopolymerization as "top-down" synthetic process

3.2.3 Geopolymer-an innately "nanostructured" material

3.3 Examples of geopolymer nanomaterial synthesis and applications

3.3.1 Synthesis and applications of nanoporous geopolymer with meso- and macropores

3.3.1.1 Synthesis

3.3.1.2 Arsenic removal from ground water

3.3.1.3 Catalysts for biodiesel production

3.3.2 Exploration of geopolymer chemistry for small particle production and applications

3.3.2.1 Synthesis

3.3.2.2 Antimicrobial application

3.3.2.3 Bacterial toxin removal in therapeutic application

3.3.2.4 Energy-saving multifunctional hybrid additives in asphalt

3.4 Concluding remarks

1 Fabrication of alkali-activated materials for environmental applications

4 Highly porous alkali-activated materials

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Material porosity

4.3 Effect of composition and synthesis conditions

4.3.1 In situ zeolite formation

4.4 Micro- and mesoporous filler addition

4.5 Process induced porosity

4.6 Direct foaming

4.7 Templating agents

4.8 Additive manufacturing

4.9 Summary and conclusions

5 Granulation techniques of geopolymers and alkali-activated materials

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Granulation techniques

5.2.1 Wet granulation

5.2.2 Fluidized bed granulation

5.3 Granulation of alkaline-activated materials

5.3.1 High shear granulation and heat formation

5.3.2 Suspension dispersion solidification method and foaming

5.4 Properties of granules

5.5 Utilization of geopolymer granules

5.5.1 As adsorbents in wastewater treatment

5.6 Other applications

5.7 Conclusions

6 Surface chemistry of alkali-activated materials and how to modify it

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Surface characteristics and properties of alkali-activated materials

6.2.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

6.2.2 Infrared spectroscopy

6.2.3 Raman spectroscopy

6.2.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

6.2.5 Surface charge properties

6.2.6 Specific surface area and nanometer-scale porosity

6.2.7 Other analytical techniques

6.3 Modification methods of alkali-activated materials

6.3.1 Surface modification with organosilicon compounds

6.3.2 Surface esterification

6.3.3 Acid or base treatment

6.3.4 Ion exchange

6.3.5 Composite materials

6.3.6 Conversion into zeolites

6.4 Conclusions

2 Water and wastewater treatment

7 Alkali-activated materials as adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Occurring trends in scientific literature

7.3 Different strategies to use alkali-activated materials as adsorbents.

7.4 Water pollutants removed by alkali-activated materials

7.5 Adsorption of heavy metals by AAMs

7.6 Adsorption of dyes by AAMs

7.7 Adsorption of other water pollutants by AAMs

7.8 Regeneration after sorption

7.9 Bridging the gap between bench-scale studies and pilot-scale trials

7.10 Performance comparison with benchmark materials

7.11 Conclusions and future trends

Acknowledgments

8 Alkali-activated materials as photocatalysts for aqueous pollutant degradation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Alkali-activated materials and geopolymers

8.3 Geopolymer-based photocatalysts

8.3.1 Supported geopolymer-based heterogeneous photocatalysts

8.3.1.1 TiO2-supported geopolymer based photocatalysts

8.3.1.2 Photocatalysts based on other catalytically active metal oxides supported on geopolymer substrates

8.3.2 Geopolymer composites as photocatalysts

8.3.3 Alkali-activated materials as photocatalysts

8.4 Concluding remarks

8.4.1 Summary of the chapter

8.4.2 Shortcomings of the reported literature

8.4.3 Prospects for the future development of these photocatalysts

9 Alkali-activated membranes and membrane supports

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Ceramic materials in membrane technology

9.3 Alkali-activated materials as membranes

9.3.1 Preparation of alkali-activated membranes

9.3.2 Properties and applications of alkali-activated membranes

9.4 Conversion of alkali-activated membranes into zeolites

9.5 Conclusions

10 Alkali-activated materials in passive pH control of wastewater treatment and anaerobic digestion

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Reasons for high pH in the pore solutions of alkali-activated materials

10.3 Utilization prospects for alkali-activated materials in pH control

10.3.1 Anaerobic digestion

10.3.2 Nitrification.

10.3.3 Acid mine drainage

10.3.4 Preparation of alkali-activated materials for pH control applications

10.4 Properties of alkali-activated pH control materials

10.5 Conclusion

3 Air pollution control

11 Alkali-activated materials for catalytic air pollution control

11.1 Introduction

11.1.1 Geopolymer features

11.2 Photocatalysis in air pollution control context

11.3 Use of geopolymer structure as adsorbent and incorporation of transition metals

11.3.1 Generation of active sites within the structure

11.3.2 Dispersion of oxides by ion exchange

11.3.3 Deposition and impregnation of other catalytic species

11.4 Self-cleaning materials

11.4.1 Self-cleaning testing

11.5 Summaries on the reported cases studies and practical considerations

11.6 Conclusion

12 Adsorption of gaseous pollutants by alkali-activated materials

12.1 Air emissions

12.1.1 CO2 emission and capture

12.2 Alkali-activated materials as potential adsorbents

12.2.1 Geopolymers as CO2 adsorbents

12.2.2 Geopolymer composites for CO2 adsorption

12.2.2.1 Geopolymer composites: addition or nucleation of zeolites for CO2 adsorbents at low temperature

12.2.2.2 Geopolymer composites: addition of hydrotalcites for CO2 adsorbents at intermediate temperature

12.3 Alternative use and activation of fly ashes for the removal of gaseous pollutants

12.4 Conclusions and future challenges

4 Solid waste management

13 Solidification/stabilization of hazardous wastes by alkali activation

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Chemistry of solidification/stabilization of heavy metals in alkali-activated materials

13.2.1 Speciation of cationic heavy metals in alkali-activated materials

13.2.2 Speciation of oxyanionic heavy metals in alkali-activated materials.

13.2.3 Proposed mechanisms of heavy metal immobilization in geopolymer

13.2.3.1 Charge balancing of Al tetrahedra

13.2.3.2 Precipitation mechanism

13.2.3.3 Covalent bonding mechanism

13.2.3.4 Physical encapsulation mechanism

13.3 Stabilization/solidification of real wastes

13.3.1 Municipal waste

13.3.1.1 Ashes from municipal solid waste incineration

13.3.1.2 Waste from sewage sludge incineration

13.3.2 Industrial waste

13.3.2.1 Ash from coal and biomass power plants

13.3.2.2 Mining tailings and wastes

Gold mine tailings

Zinc and copper-zinc mine tailings

Chromite ore processing residue

13.3.2.3 Smelting slags and metallurgical wastes

Lead/zinc slags

Antimony, ferrochrome, ferronickel, and lithium slags

13.3.2.4 Electroplating sludge

13.3.2.5 Tannery sludge

13.3.2.6 Red mud

13.3.3 Other wastes

13.4 Effect of alkaline activator

13.5 Effect of Si/Al ratio

13.6 Effect of metal dose

13.7 Effect of sulfide

13.8 Effect of calcium

13.9 Effect of aging and kinetics of leaching

13.10 pH of leaching solution

13.11 Sequential extraction

13.12 Comparison with Portland cement

13.13 Conclusions

Abbreviations

14 In situ sediment remediation with alkali-activated materials

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Factors affecting pollutant release from the sediment

14.3 Remediation of contaminated sediments

14.4 Alkali-activated materials: a brief introduction

14.5 Alkali-activated materials as active caps or sediment amendment

14.6 Conclusions

5 Other environmental applications

15 Antimicrobial alkali-activated materials

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Some material solutions against bacteria

15.3 A state-of-the-art on antimicrobial alkali-activated materials.

15.4 A facile manufacturing, efficient formulations, and evaluation for antibacterial alkali-activated materials.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Luukkonen, Tero Alkali-Activated Materials in Environmental Technology Applications

ISBN:

9780323884389

9780323884396

0323884393