Vaccines : what everyone needs to know / Kristen A. Feemster.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Feemster, Kristen A., author.

Series:

What Everyone Needs to Know®

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Vaccination--Popular works.

Vaccination.

Vaccination--History.

Vaccines.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (209 pages)

Place of Publication:

New York, [New York] : Oxford University Press, 2017.

Summary:

"Immunization is regarded by many as one of the greatest advances in modern civilization. The widespread use of vaccines has led to increases in life expectancy, reductions in the occurrence of childhood diseases, and is generally credited with saving millions of lives annually. But since their discovery two centuries ago, vaccines have been dogged by pockets of persistent distrust among those who are skeptical of their science or who find compulsory immunization at odds with personal liberty. The rise of these voices in contemporary culture has contributed to trends of vaccine delay and vaccine hesitancy in some communities -- a chasm between the general population and the scientific establishment that has persisted and grown at times across the last several decades. Vaccines: What Everyone Needs to Know® offers a scientifically grounded overview of the science, manufacture, and culture of vaccines in the United States and internationally. Aiming to offer an unbiased resource on this hotly debated subject, it provides accessible, authoritative overviews of the following: · How vaccines work · The history of vaccines · Vaccine policy -- who writes it, and does it matter? · The contents and manufacture of vaccines · Vaccine injury · The alleged link between vaccines and autism · Vaccines and new outbreaks Written by a leading authority in both infectious disease and vaccine education, this book offers a clear-eyed resource for parents or anyone with an interest in the use, efficacy, and controversy surrounding vaccines. In a subject area defined by partisanship, it offers reliable resource for what everyone needs to know."-- Provided by publisher.

"Vaccines are one of the most important public health achievements of our time. But now as many vaccine preventable diseases are no longer perceived an imminent threat, vaccines are both lauded and feared, amplified by rapid-fire dissemination of conflicting messages. This book will follow the story of vaccines in the past, present and future to disentangle fact from fiction and underscore their important role in our society"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Cover

Vaccines

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Introduction

1. What Is a Vaccine and How Do Vaccines Work?

What is an antigen?

What happens when the immune system is confronted by an antigen?

How do cells signal each other in the process of creating antibodies?

Which is better, natural immunity or immunity after vaccination?

What is the real risk of vaccine-​preventable diseases?

What is herd immunity?

What happens when immunization rates are not high enough to achieve herd immunity?

How large are most outbreaks?

What is the difference between immunization and vaccination?

What are the different types of vaccines?

Why are there so many types of vaccines?

Why do most vaccines require more than one dose?

Besides antigens, what else are vaccines made of?

Even if these substances are necessary, are they safe?

What about thimerosal and autism?

Why was thimerosal removed from vaccines in 2001?

Do some vaccines contain animal products?

Do vaccines use cells from aborted fetuses?

2. A Brief History of Vaccines

When was the first vaccination delivered in the United States?

What is inoculation?

Why the controversy?

How did we get from inoculation to vaccination?

When did smallpox vaccine come to the United States?

How well did this early vaccine really work?

What was the public response to the new vaccine?

How did the public health community make early vaccines safer?

What were some of the key developments in vaccine science during this time?

How did vaccine development begin to take off?

What were some other important developments for making vaccines?

What was the impact of vaccine introduction on disease incidence?

What about vaccine introduction in other countries?

3. Vaccine Development.

What factors influence which vaccines get developed?

Once a decision to proceed with vaccine development is made, what are the steps needed to bring a vaccine from an idea to production?

What is required for clinical studies?

Is there a similar process in other countries?

Are there protections for people who participate in clinical trials?

How many people are involved in vaccine trials?

What happens after clinical development is complete?

What evidence do vaccine developers search for during development to show that a vaccine works?

How long does this whole process take-​from the first exploratory study to licensure of a new vaccine?

Is a vaccine ever approved or used without following these steps?

Who is involved in all of these steps from conceptualization to development?

How many vaccine manufacturers are there?

What actually happens in vaccine manufacturing?

What quality controls govern vaccine manufacturing?

Who pays for vaccine development?

How much does vaccine development cost?

How do manufacturers know how much vaccine to make?

Are there vaccine supply shortages?

What happens when there are vaccine shortages?

4. Vaccine Financing and Distribution

How are vaccines distributed once they are licensed?

Are there other vaccines used in some places but not others?

How much do vaccines actually cost for immunization programs?

How large is the vaccine market?

Who decides which vaccine should be distributed?

What is the National Vaccine Advisory Committee?

How does the National Vaccine Advisory Committee impact vaccine policy?

What is the National Vaccine Plan?

What are the Decade of Vaccines and the Global Vaccine Action Plan?

Once a vaccine is added to an immunization program, how does it get to the people who need it?.

What is required to be able to deliver vaccines in a clinic or community setting?

How are vaccines purchased by health care facilities?

How are vaccines purchased through public insurance?

How do people without insurance or who do not qualify for publicly funded programs access vaccines?

Who purchases most of the vaccines in the United States?

Who sets priorities for vaccine distribution in non-​US countries?

What is the Expanded Program on Immunization?

How does the World Health Organization support other countries?

How does vaccine financing happen in non-​US countries, including low-​ to middle-​income countries?

How are vaccines made more accessible to lower income countries?

5. Vaccine Safety

What is a vaccine adverse event?

How can one determine whether an adverse event is really caused by a vaccine?

How is safety monitored after a vaccine is licensed?

Who can report to VAERS?

How often are reports submitted to VAERS?

What happens when VAERS finds a signal?

What are active surveillance networks?

What is the difference between the information provided by VAERS and that provided by these other active surveillance networks?

What kind of reactions can occur after vaccination?

How often do adverse events really occur?

Is Guillain-​Barré syndrome associated with vaccines?

What are contraindications to vaccination?

What are precautions?

Can a person be vaccinated if he or she is on an antibiotic?

If a person is immunocompromised because of chemotherapy or an organ transplant, can he or she receive any vaccines?

If a person was vaccinated before starting chemotherapy, will the effect of the vaccine last?

Should pregnant women receive vaccines?

Do live attenuated (weakened virus or bacteria) vaccines ever cause problems in healthy individuals?.

What happens when a vaccine-​associated adverse event occurs?

What is the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program?

Which vaccines are covered by NVICP?

How does NVICP work?

How does one qualify for compensation within NVICP?

What is the NVICP vaccine injury table and what is in it?

Who is responsible for updating the NVICP injury table?

Who serves on the ACCV?

How many individuals have received compensation from NVICP?

Has NVICP compensated any autism claims?

How is information about vaccine safety from NVICP communicated?

If NVICP depends on published evidence to develop the vaccine injury table and adjudicate cases, how does one evaluate the reliability and validity of a study?

Who evaluates the reliability of vaccine safety studies?

What is the National Academy of Medicine?

6. The Vaccine Schedule

Who makes the immunization schedule?

What is ACIP?

When was ACIP first established?

How are ACIP members selected?

What criteria are used to select members for ACIP?

Are members of ACIP paid?

How does ACIP make decisions about the immunization schedule?

What kind of evidence does ACIP use?

How long does it take for ACIP to develop recommendations?

What happens after a recommendation is made?

How are ACIP recommendations actually implemented?

Do states have their own vaccine advisory committees?

Why is there only one recommended schedule?

What is wrong with following a different schedule, such as spreading out vaccines, rather than following the recommended vaccine schedule?

Do the number and combinations of vaccines given in the recommended schedule overwhelm the immune system?

How do we know the recommended schedule is safe?

How do immunization programs keep track of who needs what?

7. Laws and Standard Practices for Vaccine Administration.

What is vaccine policy?

What are the historical and legal precedents for mandatory vaccination?

What are the basic arguments that support immunization requirements?

What are the basic arguments against immunization requirements?

What kinds of vaccine requirements are employed in the United States?

What are the benefits of school-​entry requirements?

How does one opt out of school-​entry requirements?

What impact do exemption policies have on immunization rates?

Have exemption laws changed over time?

What has happened with vaccine-​exemption legislation since the 2015 measles outbreak?

What are other types of mandatory immunization policies?

Do any other settings require immunizations?

What other policy strategies are used to increase immunization rates?

Are there other countries that have mandatory immunization policies?

Are there ways to prevent the transmission of vaccine-​preventable diseases other than vaccination?

What do health care providers do if patients or families refuse a vaccine?

Are health care providers liable for vaccine refusal in any way?

Can health care providers ask a patient or family to leave the practice if they refuse vaccines?

Why would different providers have different immunization policies, especially if there is one routine recommended schedule?

Are individuals who choose not to vaccinate themselves or their children ever held responsible for exposing other people to vaccine-​preventable diseases?

8. Vaccine Hesitancy

What is vaccine hesitancy?

What is meant by the "vaccine confidence gap"?

How does vaccine hesitancy manifest?

What is the difference between vaccine hesitancy and the anti-​vaccine movement?

Why is it important to define vaccine hesitancy as a spectrum of beliefs?

How common is vaccine hesitancy?.

How is vaccine hesitancy measured?.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

0-19-027793-9

0-19-756925-0

0-19-027792-0

OCLC:

1004738001