Metabolic regulation : a human perspective / Keith N. Frayn.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Frayn, K. N. (Keith N.)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Metabolism--Regulation.

Metabolism.

Biological control systems.

Physical Description:

xii, 371 p. : ill.

Edition:

3rd ed.

Place of Publication:

Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA : Blackwell, 2010.

Summary:

The important Third Edition of this successful book conveys a modern and integrated picture of metabolism and metabolic regulation. Explaining difficult concepts with unequalled clarity, author Keith Frayn provides the reader with an essential guide to the subject. Covering topics such as energy balance, body weight regulation and how the body copes with extreme situations, this book illustrates how metabolic regulation allows the human body to adapt to many different conditions. Changes throughout the new edition include: Extensive chapter updates Clear and accessible 2-color diagrams Q&A sections online at www.wiley.com/go/frayn to facilitate learning Frayn has written a book which will continue to be an extremely valuable tool for scientists, practitioners and students working and studying across a broad range of allied health sciences including medicine, biochemistry, nutrition, dietetics, sports science and nursing.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Preface

List of Abbreviations

1. The Underlying Principles of Human Metabolism

1.1 Metabolic Regulation in Perspective

1.2 The Chemistry of Food - and of Bodies

1.2.1 Some Important Chemical Concepts

1.2.1.1 Polarity

1.2.1.2 Osmosis

1.2.2 The Chemical Characteristics of Macronutrients

1.2.2.1 Carbohydrates

1.2.2.2 Fats

1.2.2.3 Proteins

1.3 Some Physiological Concepts

1.3.1 Circulation, Capillaries, Interstitial Fluid

1.3.2 Blood, Blood Plasma and Serum

1.3.3 Lymph and Lymphatics

Further Reading

2. Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Metabolic Regulation

2.1 How is Metabolic Regulation Achieved?

2.2 Metabolic Regulation Brought About by the Characteristics of Tissues

2.2.1 Movement of Substances Across Membranes

2.2.1.1 Glucose Transport

2.2.1.2 Amino Acids

2.2.1.3 Fatty Acids

2.2.1.4 Cholesterol

2.2.1.5 Small Polar Molecules

2.2.1.6 Water and Glycerol

2.3 Hormones and Short-Term Control of Enzyme Activity

3. Digestion and Intestinal Absorption

3.1 The Strategy of Digestion

3.1.1 Carbohydrates

3.1.2 Fats

3.1.3 Proteins and Amino Acids

3.2 Stages of Digestion

3.2.1 The Mouth

3.2.2 The Stomach

3.2.2.1 General Description

3.2.2.2 Regulation of Digestive Processes in the Stomach

3.2.2.3 Digestive Processes in the Stomach

3.2.3 The Small Intestine

3.2.3.1 General Description

3.2.3.2 Regulation of Digestive Processes in the Small Intestine

3.2.3.3 Digestive Processes Occurring in the Small Intestine

3.2.3.3.1 Starch Digestion

3.2.3.3.2 Protein Digestion

3.2.3.3.3 Fat Digestion

3.3 Absorption from the Small Intestine

3.3.1 Monosaccharides

3.3.2 Amino Acids and Peptides

3.3.3 Lipid Absorption

3.3.4 Other Processes Occurring in the Small Intestine.

3.4 The Large Intestine

4. Longer-Term Regulation of Metabolism

4.1 Longer-Term Control of Enzyme Activity

4.2 Hormones and Longer-Term Control of Enzyme Activity

4.2.1 Insulin and Control of Gene Expression

4.2.2 Steroid and Thyroid Hormones

4.3 Nutrients and Control of Gene Expression

4.3.1 Carbohydrate Responsive Genes

4.3.2 Fatty Acids and Gene Expression

4.3.3 Cholesterol and Gene Expression

4.3.4 Amino Acids and Gene Expression

4.3.5 Regulation of Oxidative Metabolism by Gene Expression

5. Organs and Tissues

5.1 The Liver

5.1.1 General Description of the Liver and its Anatomy

5.1.2 Liver Metabolism

5.1.2.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Liver

5.1.2.1.1 Fed Conditions

5.1.2.1.2 Overnight Fasted Conditions

5.1.2.1.3 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway

5.1.2.2 Fat Metabolism in the Liver

5.1.2.2.1 Fatty Acid Oxidation

5.1.2.2.2 Lipid Synthesis

5.1.2.2.3 Longer-Term Control of Hepatic Fat Metabolism

5.1.2.2.4 Other Roles of the Liver in Fat Metabolism

5.1.2.3 Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver

5.2 The Brain

5.3 Skeletal Muscle

5.3.1 General Description and Structure of Skeletal Muscle

5.3.2 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle: General Features

5.3.3 Routes of ATP Generation in Skeletal Muscle

5.3.3.1 Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle

5.3.3.2 Fatty Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle

5.4 The Heart

5.5 Adipose Tissue

5.5.1 White and Brown Adipose Tissue

5.5.2 Brown Adipose Tissue and the Concept of "Uncoupling"

5.5.3 White Adipose Tissue Metabolism

5.5.3.1 Fat Storage

5.5.3.2 Fat Mobilization

5.5.3.3 Adipocyte Differentiation and Longer-Term Regulation of Fat Storage

5.5.3.4 Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ

5.6 The Kidneys

5.6.1 General Description

5.6.2 The Scale of Kidney Function.

5.6.3 Energy Metabolism in the Kidney

5.7 Endothelial Cells and Other Cell Types

5.7.1 The Endothelium - A Large Organ Distributed Throughout the Body

5.7.2 Rapidly Dividing Cells

5.7.3 Macrophages

6. Important Endocrine Organs and Hormones

6.1 Endocrine Glands and Hormones

6.2 The Pancreas

6.2.1 General Description of the Pancreas and its Anatomy

6.2.2 Insulin

6.2.3 Glucagon

6.3 The Pituitary Gland

6.3.1 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

6.3.2 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

6.4 The Thyroid Gland

6.5 The Adrenal Glands

6.5.1 The Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol Secretion

6.5.2 The Adrenal Medulla, Adrenaline Secretion, and Adrenaline Action

6.6 "Metabolic Tissues" that Secrete Hormones

6.6.1 Adipose Tissue

6.6.2 Heart

6.6.3 Kidney

6.6.4 Skeletal Muscle

6.6.5 The Intestine

7. Integration of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Normal Daily Life

7.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism

7.1.1 The Postabsorptive State

7.1.2 Breakfast

7.1.2.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Liver After Breakfast

7.1.2.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism in Other Tissues After Breakfast

7.1.2.3 Disposal of Glucose After a Meal

7.2 Fat Metabolism

7.2.1 Plasma Non-Esterified Fatty Acids

7.2.2 Plasma Triacylglycerol

7.2.3 The Postabsorptive State

7.2.4 Breakfast

7.2.4.1 Non-Esterified Fatty Acid Metabolism After Breakfast

7.2.4.2 Triacylglycerol

7.3 Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism

7.3.1 General Features

7.3.2 Some Particular Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism

7.3.2.1 Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids, and Other Metabolically Distinct Groups of Amino Acids

7.3.2.2 Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Muscle Amino Acid Metabolism

7.3.2.3 Alanine and Glutamine.

7.3.3 The Overall Control of Protein Synthesis and Breakdown

7.4 Links Between Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism

7.4.1 Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism

7.4.1.1 Lipogenesis

7.4.1.2 Metabolic Interactions Between Fatty Acids and Glucose: the Glucose-Fatty Acid Cycle

7.4.2 Interactions Between Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism: the Glucose-Alanine Cycle and Gluconeogenesis from Amino Acid

7.5 Blood Flow and the Integration of Metabolism

7.6 An Integrated View of Metabolism: a Metabolic Diary

7.6.1 The Postabsorptive State: Waking Up

7.6.2 Breakfast Goes Down

7.6.3 Another Meal Follows

7.6.4 An Energetic Day

7.7 Summary: Metabolic Control in a Physiological Setting

8. The Nervous System and Metabolism

8.1 Outline of the Nervous System as it Relates to Metabolism

8.1.1 The Nerve Cell

8.1.2 The Wiring Diagram

8.2 Basic Physiology of the Nervous System

8.2.1 The Brain

8.2.1.1 The Hypothalamus

8.2.1.2 The Cerebellum and Brainstem

8.2.2 The Autonomic Nervous System

8.2.2.1 The Sympathetic Nervous System

8.2.2.2 The Parasympathetic Nervous System

8.2.2.3 The Somatic Nervous System

8.2.3 Neurotransmitters and Receptors

8.2.3.1 Adrenergic Transmission

8.2.3.2 Cholinergic Transmission

8.3 Major Effects of Adrenergic Stimulation

8.3.1 Stimuli for Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System and Adrenal Medulla

8.3.2 Circulatory Effects of Adrenergic Activation

8.3.3 Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines

8.3.3.1 Glycogenolysis

8.3.3.2 Lipolysis

8.3.3.3 Glucose Utilization

8.4 Effects of the Autonomic Nervous System on Hormone Secretion

8.5 Summary

9. Coping with Some Extreme Situations

9.1 Situations in Which the Body Needs to Call on its Fuel Stores

9.2 The Body's Fuel Stores

9.2.1 Carbohydrate.

9.2.2 Fat

9.2.3 Amino Acids

9.3 Starvation

9.3.1 The Early Phase

9.3.2 The Period of Adaptation to Starvation

9.3.2.1 Hormonal Changes

9.3.2.2 Adaptation of Fatty Acid, Ketone Body, and Glucose Metabolism

9.3.2.3 Sparing of Muscle Protein

9.3.2.4 Kidney Metabolism

9.3.3 The Period of Adapted Starvation

9.4 Exercise

9.4.1 Types of Exercise

9.4.2 Intensity of Exercise

9.4.3 Metabolic Regulation During Anaerobic Exercise

9.4.4 Metabolic Regulation During Aerobic Exercise

9.4.5 Nervous System and Cardiovascular Responses During Aerobic Exercise

9.4.6 Other Hormonal Responses During Aerobic Exercise

9.4.7 Carbohydrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise

9.4.8 Fat Metabolism During Endurance Exercise

9.4.9 The Effects of Training

10. Lipoprotein Metabolism

10.1 Introduction to Lipoprotein Metabolism

10.2 Outline of the Pathways of Lipoprotein Metabolism

10.2.1 Chylomicron Metabolism - the Exogenous Pathway

10.2.2 VLDL and LDL Metabolism

10.2.2.1 VLDL Metabolism - the Endogenous Pathway

10.2.2.2 LDL Metabolism and Regulation of Cellular Cholesterol Content

10.2.3 HDL Metabolism

10.2.3.1 HDL and Reverse Cholesterol Transport

10.2.3.2 Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein

10.3 Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism

10.3.1 Insulin and Triacylglycerol Metabolism

10.3.2 Relationship Between Plasma Triacylglycerol and HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations

10.3.3 Cholesterol Homeostasis

10.4 Disturbances of Lipoprotein Metabolism

10.4.1 Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis

10.4.2 Conditions Leading to Elevation of the Blood Cholesterol Concentration

10.4.2.1 Primary Hyperlipoproteinemias

10.4.2.2 Secondary Hyperlipoproteinemias

10.4.3 HDL-Cholesterol, Plasma Triacylglycerol, and Coronary Heart Disease

11. Diabetes Mellitus.

11.1 Different Types of Diabetes.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9781444317763

1444317768

OCLC:

592756291