Mechanical measurements / S. P. Venkateshan, Professor Emeritus Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, India.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Venkateshan, S. P., author.

Series:

Ane/Athena Bks.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Physical measurements.

Mechanical engineering laboratories.

Measuring instruments.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (552 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

Second edition.

Distribution:

London, England : Athena Academic Ltd., [date of distribution not identified]

Place of Publication:

Indianapolis, Indiana : Wiley : Athena Academic, 2015.

Summary:

The first edition of this book was co-published by Ane Books India, and CRC Press in 2008. This second edition is an enlarged version of the web course developed by the author at IIT Madras, and also a modified and augmented version of the earlier book. Major additions/modifications presented are in the treatment of errors in measurement, temperature measurement, measurement of thermo-physical properties, and data manipulation. Many new worked examples have been introduced in this new and updated second edition.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Preface to the second edition

Preface to the first edition

Acknowledgements

Nomenclature

Contents

module I: Measurements, Error Analysis and Design of Experiments

Chapter 1: Measurements and Errors in measurement

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Measurement categories

1.1.2 General measurement scheme

1.1.3 Some issues

1.2 Errors in measurement

1.2.1 Systematic errors (Bias)

1.2.2 Random errors

1.3 Statistical analysis of experimental data

1.3.1 Statistical analysis and best estimate from replicate data

1.3.2 Error distribution

1.3.3 Principle of Least Squares

1.3.4 Error estimation - single sample

1.3.5 Student t distribution

1.3.6 Test for normality

1.3.7 Nonparametric tests

1.3.8 Outliers and their rejection

1.4 Propagation of errors

1.5 Specifications of instruments and their performance

Chapter 2: Regression analysis

2.1 Introduction to regression analysis

2.2 Linear regression

2.2.1 Linear fit by least squares

2.2.2 Uncertainties in the fit parameters

2.2.3 Goodness of fit and the correlation coefficient

2.3 Polynomial regression

2.3.1 Method of least squares and normal equations

2.3.2 Goodness of fit and the index of correlation or R2

2.3.3 Multiple linear regression

2.4 General non-linear fit

2.5 χ2 test of goodness of fit

2.6 General discussion on regression analysis including special cases

2.6.1 Alternate procedures of obtaining fit parameters

2.6.2 Segmented or piecewise regression

Chapter 3: Design of experiments

3.1 Design of experiments

3.1.1 Goal of experiments

3.1.2 Full factorial design

3.1.3 2k factorial design

3.1.4 More on full factorial design

3.1.5 One half factorial design

3.1.6 Other simple design

Exercise I.

I.1 Errors and error distributions

I.2 Propagation of errors

I.3 Regression analysis

I.4 Design of experiments

module II: Measurements of Temperature, Heat Flux and Heat Transfer Coefficient

Chapter 4: Measurements of Temperature

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Thermometry or the science and art of temperature measurement

4.2.1 Preliminaries

4.2.2 Practical thermometry

4.3 Thermoelectric thermometry

4.3.1 Thermoelectric effects

4.3.2 On the use of thermocouple for temperature measurement

4.3.3 Use of thermocouple tables and Practical aspects of thermoelectric thermometry

4.4 Resistance thermometry

4.4.1 Basic ideas

4.4.2 Platinum resistance thermometer and the Callendar correction

4.4.3 RTD measurement circuits

4.4.4 Thermistors

4.5 Pyrometry

4.5.1 Radiation fundamentals

4.5.2 Brightness temperature and the vanishing filament pyrometer

4.5.3 Total radiation pyrometer

4.5.4 Ratio Pyrometry and the two color pyrometer

4.5.5 Gas temperature measurement

4.6 Other temperature measurement techniques

4.6.1 Liquid in glass or liquid in metal thermometers

4.6.2 Bimetallic thermometer

4.6.3 Liquid crystal thermometers

4.6.4 IC temperature sensor

4.7 Measurement of transient temperature

4.7.1 Temperature sensor as a first order system - Electrical analogy

4.7.2 Response to step input

4.7.3 Response to a ramp input

4.7.4 Response to a periodic input

Chapter 5: Systematic errors in temperature measurement

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Examples of temperature measurement

5.2.1 Surface temperature measurement using a compensated probe

5.2.2 Measurement of temperature inside a solid

5.2.3 Measurement of temperature of a moving fluid

5.2.4 Summary of sources of error in temperature measurement

5.3 Conduction error in thermocouple temperature measurement.

5.3.1 Lead wire model

5.3.2 The single wire model

5.3.3 Heat loss through lead wire

5.3.4 Typical application and thermometric error

5.3.5 Measurement of temperature within a solid

5.4 Measurement of temperature of a moving fluid

5.4.1 Temperature error due to radiation

5.4.2 Reduction of radiation error: use of radiation shield

5.4.3 Analysis of thermometer well problem

Chapter 6: Heat flux and Heat Transfer Coefficient

6.1 Measurement of heat flux

6.1.1 Foil type heat flux gauge

6.1.2 Transient analysis of foil gauge

6.1.3 Thin film sensors

6.1.4 Cooled thin wafer heat flux gauge

6.1.5 Axial conduction guarded probe

6.1.6 Slug type sensor

6.1.7 Slug type sensor response including non uniformity in temperature

6.1.8 Thin film heat flux gauge - Transient operation

6.2 Measurement of heat transfer coefficient

6.2.1 Film coefficient transducer

6.2.2 Cylindrical heat transfer coefficient probe

Exercise II

II.1 Temperature measurement

II.2 Transient temperature measurement

II.3 Thermometric error

II.4 Heat flux measurement

module III: Measurement of Pressure, Fluid velocity, Volume flow rate, Stagnation and Bulk mean temperatures

Chapter 7: Measurement of pressure

7.1 Basics of pressure measurement

7.2 U - Tube manometer

7.2.1 Well type manometer

7.2.2 Dynamic response of a U tube manometer

7.3 Bourdon gauge

7.3.1 Dead weight tester

7.4 Pressure transducers

7.4.1 Pressure tube with bonded strain gauge

7.4.2 Bridge circuits for use with strain gauges

7.4.3 Diaphragm/Bellows type transducer

7.4.4 Capacitance type diaphragm gauge

7.4.5 Piezoelectric pressure transducer

7.5 Measurement of pressure transients

7.5.1 Transient response of a bellows type pressure transducer.

7.5.2 Transients in a force balancing element for measuring pressure

7.6 Measurement of vacuum

7.6.1 McLeod gauge

7.6.2 Pirani gauge

7.6.3 Ionization gauge

7.6.4 Alphatron gauge

Chapter 8: Measurement of Fluid Velocity

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Pitot - Pitot static and impact probes

8.2.1 Pitot and Pitot static tube

8.2.2 Effect of compressibility

8.2.3 Supersonic flow

8.2.4 Orientation effects and multi-hole probes

8.3 Velocity measurement based on thermal effects

8.3.1 Hot wire anemometer

8.3.2 Constant Temperature or CT anemometer

8.3.3 Useful heat transfer correlation

8.3.4 Constant Current or CC anemometer

8.3.5 Practical aspects

8.3.6 Measurement of transients (velocity fluctuations)

8.3.7 Directional effects on hot wire anemometer

8.4 Doppler Velocimeter

8.4.1 The Doppler effect

8.4.2 Ultrasonic Doppler velocity meter

8.4.3 Laser Doppler velocity meter

8.5 Time of Flight Velocimeter

8.5.1 Simultaneous measurement of position and velocity

8.5.2 Cross correlation type velocity meter

Chapter 9: Volume flow rate

9.1 Measurement of volume flow rate

9.2 Variable area type flow meters

9.2.1 Principle of operation

9.2.2 Correction factor

9.2.3 types of variable area flow meters

9.2.4 Orifice plate meter

9.2.5 Flow nozzle

9.2.6 Venturi meter

9.2.7 Effect of compressibility in gas flow measurement

9.2.8 Sonic orifice or the sonic nozzle

9.2.9 Selection of variable area flow meters

9.3 Rotameter or Drag effect flow meter

9.3.1 Rotameter analysis

9.4 Miscellaneous types of flow meters

9.4.1 Positive displacement meters

9.4.2 Vortex shedding type flow meter

9.4.3 Turbine flow meter

9.5 Factors to be considered in the selection of flow meters

9.6 Calibration of flow meters

9.6.1 Methods of calibration.

9.6.2 Soap film burette

9.6.3 Bell prover system

9.6.4 Flying start - Flying finish method with static weighing

Chapter 10: Stagnation and Bulk mean temperature

10.1 Stagnation temperature measurement

10.1.1 Shielded thermocouple stagnation temperature probe

10.1.2 Dual thin film enthalpy probe

10.2 Bulk mean temperature

10.2.1 Flow in a rectangular duct

Exercise III

III.1 Pressure measurement

III.2 Velocity measurement

III.3 Volume flow rate

module IV: Thermo-physical properties, Radiation properties of surfaces, Gas concentration, Force/Acceleration, torque and power

Chapter 11: Measurement of thermo-physical properties

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Thermal conductivity

11.2.1 Basic ideas

11.3 Steady state methods

11.3.1 Guarded hot plate apparatus: solid sample

11.3.2 Guarded hot plate apparatus: liquid sample

11.3.3 Radial heat conduction apparatus for liquids and gases

11.3.4 Thermal conductivity comparator

11.4 Transient method

11.4.1 Laser flash method

11.5 Measurement of heat capacity

11.5.1 Heat capacity of a solid

11.5.2 Heat capacity of liquids

11.6 Measurement of calorific value of fuels

11.6.1 Preliminaries

11.6.2 The Bomb calorimeter

11.6.3 Continuous flow calorimeter

11.7 Measurement of viscosity of fluids

11.7.1 Laminar flow in a capillary

11.7.2 Saybolt viscometer

11.7.3 Rotating cylinder viscometer

Chapter 12: Radiation properties of surfaces

12.1 Introduction

12.1.1 Definitions

12.2 Features of radiation measuring instruments

12.2.1 Components of a reflectivity measuring instrument

12.3 Integrating sphere

12.3.1 Hemispherical emissivity

12.3.2 Hemispherical directional reflectivity

12.3.3 Directional hemispherical reflectivity

12.4 Measurement of emissivity.

12.4.1 Emissivity measurement using an integrating radiometer.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed April 16, 2015).

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

1-119-11559-0

1-119-11557-4

OCLC:

907675874