Experimental mechanics : an introduction / Emmanuel E. Gdoutos.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Gdoutos, Emmanuel E., author.

Series:

Solid mechanics and its applications ; Volume 269.

Solid Mechanics and Its Applications ; Volume 269

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Mechanics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (318 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Cham, Switzerland : Springer, [2022]

Summary:

The book presents in a clear, simple, straightforward, novel and unified manner the most used methods of experimental mechanics of solids for the determination of displacements, strains and stresses. Emphasis is given on the principles of operation of the various methods, not in their applications to engineering problems. The book is divided into sixteen chapters which include strain gages, basic optics, geometric and interferometric moiré, optical methods (photoelasticity, interferometry, holography, caustics, speckle methods, digital image correlation), thermoelastic stress analysis, indentation, optical fibers, nondestructive testing, and residual stresses. The book will be used not only as a learning tool, but as a basis on which the researcher, the engineer, the experimentalist, the student can develop their new own ideas to promote research in experimental mechanics of solids.

Contents:

Intro

Preface

Contents

About the Author

1 Electrical Resistance Strain Gages

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Basic Principles

1.3 Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

1.4 Transverse Sensitivity and Gage Factor

1.5 Electrical Circuits

1.5.1 Introduction

1.5.2 The Potentiometer Circuit

1.5.3 The Wheatstone Bridge

1.6 Strain Gage Rosettes

Further Readings

2 Fundamentals of Optics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Historical Overview

2.3 Light Sources, Wave Fronts, and Rays

2.4 Reflection and Mirrors

2.4.1 Reflection

2.4.2 Plane Mirrors

2.4.3 Spherical Mirrors

2.5 Refraction

2.6 Thin Lenses

2.7 The Wave Nature of Light-Huygens' Principle

2.8 Electromagnetic Theory of Light

2.9 Polarization

2.10 Interference

2.10.1 Introduction

2.10.2 Interference of Two Linearly Polarized Beams

2.10.3 Young's Double-Slit Experiment

2.10.4 Multi-slit Interference

2.10.5 Interference of Two Plane Waves

2.10.6 Change of Phase upon Reflection-Thin Films

2.10.7 Dispersion

2.11 Diffraction

2.11.1 Introduction

2.11.2 Single Slit Diffraction

2.11.3 Two-Slit Diffraction

2.11.4 The Diffraction Grating

2.11.5 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture

2.11.6 Limit of Resolution

2.11.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction as a Fourier Transform

2.11.8 Optical Spatial Filtering

2.12 Camera

3 Geometric Moiré

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Terminology

3.3 The Moiré Phenomenon

3.4 Mathematical Analysis of Moiré Fringes

3.5 Relationships Between Line Grating and Moiré Fringes

3.6 Moiré Patterns Formed by Circular, Radial and Line Gratings

3.7 Measurement of In-Plane Displacements

3.8 Measurement of Out-Of-Plane Displacements

3.9 Measurement of Out-Of-Plane Slopes

3.10 Sharpening of Moiré Fringes

3.11 Moiré of Moiré

Further Readings.

4 Coherent Moiré and Moiré Interferometry

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Superposition of Two Diffraction Gratings

4.3 Moiré Patterns

4.4 Optical Filtering and Fringe Multiplication

4.5 Advantages Offered by Coherent Moiré

4.6 Moiré Interferometry

4.6.1 Introduction

4.6.2 Optical Arrangement

4.6.3 The Method

4.6.4 Determination of Strains

5 Moiré Patterns Formed by Remote Gratings

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Geometric Moiré Methods

5.3 The Coherent Grading Sensor (CGS) Method

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 Experimental Arrangement

5.3.3 Governing Equations

5.4 Comparison of the Geometric Moiré and the CGS Method

6 The Method of Caustics

6.1 Introduction

6.2 General Equations for Reflecting Surfaces

6.3 The Ellipsoid Mirror

6.4 Intensity Distribution of Light Rays Reflected or Transmitted by a Transparent Specimen

6.5 Stress-Optical Equations

6.6 Crack Problems

6.6.1 Introduction

6.6.2 Principle of the Method

6.6.3 Opening-Mode Loading

6.6.4 Mixed-Mode Loading

6.6.5 Anisotropic Materials

6.6.6 The State of Stress Near the Crack Tip

6.6.7 Comparison of the Method of Caustics and Photoelasticity

7 Photoelasticity

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Plane Polariscope

7.3 Circular Polariscope

7.4 Isoclinics

7.5 Isochromatics

7.6 Isochromatics with White Light

7.7 Properties of Isoclinics

7.8 Properties of Isochromatics

7.9 Compensation Methods

7.9.1 Introduction

7.9.2 The Tension/Compression Specimen

7.9.3 Babinet and Babinet-Soleil Compensators

7.9.4 Sernarmont Compensation Method

7.9.5 Tardy Compensation Method

7.10 Determination of the Photoelastic Constant fs

7.11 Stress Separation

7.12 Fringe Multiplication and Sharpening

7.13 Transition From Model to Prototype.

7.14 Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity

7.15 Photoelastic Coatings

7.15.1 Introduction

7.15.2 Transfer of Stresses From Body to Coating

7.15.3 Determination of Stresses

7.15.4 Reinforcing Effect

7.15.5 Photoelastic Strain Gages

8 Interferometry

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Interferometers

8.3 Analysis of Interferometers

8.3.1 Introduction

8.3.2 The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

8.3.3 The Michelson Interferometer

8.3.4 The Fizeau-Type Interferometer

8.3.5 Other Interferometers

8.3.6 A Generic Analysis of Interferometers

9 Holography

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Recording and Reconstruction Processes

9.3 Holographic Interferometry

9.3.1 Introduction

9.3.2 Real-Time Holographic Interferometry

9.3.3 Double-Exposure Holographic Interferometry

9.3.4 Sensitivity Vector

9.4 Holographic Photoelasticity

9.4.1 Introduction

9.4.2 Isochromatic-Isopachic Patterns

9.4.3 Generic Interpretation

10 Optical Fiber Strain Sensors

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Optical Fibers

10.2.1 Introduction

10.2.2 Structure

10.2.3 Principle of Operation

10.2.4 Applications

10.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages

10.3 Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS)

10.3.1 Architecture of a FOS

10.3.2 Classification of FOSs

10.3.3 Interferometric FOSs

10.3.4 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors (FBGSs)

10.3.5 Multiplexing

10.3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of FOSs

10.3.7 Applications of FOSs

11 Speckle Methods

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Speckle Effect

11.3 Speckle Photography

11.3.1 Introduction

11.3.2 Point-by-Point Interrogation of the Specklegram

11.3.3 Spatial Filtering of the Specklegram

11.4 Speckle Interferometry

11.5 Shearography

11.6 Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI).

Further Readings

12 Digital Image Correlation (DIC)

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Steps of DIC

12.3 Speckle Patterning

12.4 Image Digitization

12.5 Intensity Interpolation

12.6 Image Correlation-Displacement Measurement

12.7 2-D DIC

12.8 3-D DIC

12.9 Volumetric Digital Image Correlation (V-DIC)

13 Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA)

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Thermoelastic Law

13.3 Infrared Detectors

13.4 Adiabaticity

13.5 Specimen Preparation

13.6 Calibration

13.7 Stress Separation

13.8 Applications

14 Indentation Testing

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Contact Mechanics

14.3 Macro-indentation Testing

14.3.1 Brinell Test

14.3.2 Meyer Test

14.3.3 Vickers Test

14.3.4 Rockwell Test

14.4 Micro-indentation Testing

14.4.1 Vickers Test

14.4.2 Knoop Test

14.5 Nanoindentation Testing

14.5.1 Introduction

14.5.2 The Elastic Contact Method

14.5.3 Nanoindentation for Measuring Fracture Toughness

15 Nondestructive Testing (NDT)

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI)

15.2.1 Principle

15.2.2 Application

15.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

15.3 Magnetic Particles Inspection (MPI)

15.3.1 Principle

15.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages

15.4 Eddy Currents Inspection (ECI)

15.4.1 Principle

15.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages

15.5 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

15.5.1 Introduction

15.5.2 X-rays

15.5.3 X-ray Diffraction

15.5.4 Measurement of Strain

15.5.5 Instrumentation

15.6 Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

15.6.1 Introduction

15.6.2 Operation

15.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

15.7 Acoustic Emission Testing (AET)

15.7.1 Introduction

15.7.2 Acoustic Emission Testing

15.7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

16 Residual Stresses-The Hole-Drilling Method

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Hole-Drilling Method

16.3 Uniaxial Residual Stresses

16.4 Biaxial Residual Stresses

16.5 Variation of Residual Stresses Through the Thickness

16.6 Nondestructive Methods for Measuring Residual Stresses

Index.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Gdoutos, Emmanuel E. Experimental Mechanics

ISBN:

9783030894665

OCLC:

1285780026