Automotive fuels reference book / by Paul Richards.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Richards, Paul, 1956- author.

Contributor:

Owen, K. (Keith).

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Motor fuels--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Motor fuels.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xxviii, 840 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

Third edition.

Place of Publication:

Warrendale, Pennsylvania : SAE International, [2014]

Summary:

The first two editions of this title, published by SAE International in 1990 and 1995, have been best-selling definitive references for those needing technical information about automotive fuels. This long-awaited new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, yet retains the original fundamental fuels information that readers find so useful. This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines. Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together. It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered. New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels' physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included. There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a

global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Preface to Third Edition

Preface to Second Edition

Preface to First Edition

Chapter 1 Automotive Fuels and Their Specification

References

Chapter 2 A History of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Development

2.1 Gasoline

2.1.1 The Evolution of the Gasoline Engine

2.1.2 Gasoline Development

2.2 Diesel Fuel

2.2.1 The Evolution of the Diesel Engine

2.2.2 Diesel Fuel Development

Further Reading

Chapter 3 Manufacture of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel from Crude Oil

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Crude Oil

3.3 Influence of Product Demand Pattern on Processing

3.4 Distillation

3.5 Cracking Processes

3.5.1 Thermal Cracking

3.5.2 Visbreaking

3.5.3 Coking

3.5.4 Catalytic Cracking

3.5.5 Hydrocracking

3.5.5.1 Catalytic Distillate Dewaxing

3.5.6 Steam Cracking

3.6 Catalytic Reforming

3.7 Alkylation, Isomerization, and Polymerization

3.7.1 Alkylation

3.7.2 Isomerization

3.7.3 Polymerization

3.8 Finishing Processes

3.8.1 Caustic Washing

3.8.2 Merox Treating

3.8.3 Hydrodesulfurization

3.8.3.1 Sources of Hydrogen

3.9 Oxygenated Gasoline Components

3.9.1 Alcohols

3.9.2 Ethers

3.10 Gasoline Blending

3.10.1 Blending Operations

3.10.2 Blending Calculations

3.10.3 Octane Blending

3.10.4 Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) Blending

3.10.5 ASTM Distillation Blending

3.11 Diesel Fuel Blending

3.11.1 Diesel Blending Operations

3.11.2 Diesel Blend Calculations

Chapter 4 Manufacture of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel from Non-Crude Oil Fossil Sources

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Coal

4.2.1 Syn-Gas Production

4.2.2 F-T Synthesis

4.2.3 Product Upgrading

4.2.3.1 Hydrocracking

4.2.3.2 Oligomerization

4.2.3.3 Catalytic Reforming

4.2.3.4 Alcohol Dehydration

4.3 Gas to Liquids.

4.4 Gaseous Fuels

4.4.1 Gaseous Fuel Supply

4.4.2 Gaseous Fuel Composition and Properties

4.4.2.1 Gaseous Fuel Components

4.4.2.2 Wobbe Index and Fuel Metering

4.4.2.3 Propensity to Knock: Octane and Methane Numbers

4.4.2.4 Effect of Gaseous Fuel Composition on Emissions

4.4.3 Gaseous Fuels Dispensing and Storage

4.4.3.1 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

4.4.3.2 Recommended Practice for CNG: SAE J1616

4.4.3.3 LNG Dispensing and Storage

4.4.3.4 LPG Dispensing and Storage

4.4.4 Gaseous-Fuel Engine Technology

4.4.4.1 Fuel Metering Systems

4.4.4.2 Spark-Ignition Engines

4.4.4.3 Dual-Fuel (Compression Ignition) Engines

4.5 Oil Sands Fuel

4.5.1 Oil Sands Extraction and Processing

4.5.1.1 Surface Mining

4.5.1.2 Subterranean Recovery

4.5.1.3 In Situ Processing

4.6 Oil Shale Fuel

4.6.1 Oil Shale Mining and Processing

4.6.2 In Situ Retorting

Chapter 5 Manufacture of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel from Renewable Sources

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Minimally Processed Vegetable Oil

5.3 Bio-Ethanol

5.3.1 Ethanol from Sugar Crops

5.3.2 Ethanol from Grain Crops

5.3.3 Lignocellulosic Ethanol

5.4 Biodiesel Fuel

5.5 Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil

Chapter 6 Storage, Distribution, and Handling of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Safety Considerations for Storage and Handling

6.2.1 Flash Point

6.2.2 Electrical Conductivity

6.3 Health and Environmental Effects of Gasoline

6.3.1 Health Aspects

6.3.1.1 Inhalation

6.3.1.2 Ingestion

6.3.1.3 Aspiration

6.3.1.4 Skin Contact

6.3.1.5 Eye Contact

6.3.2 Exposure Limits

6.3.3 Ecotoxicity

6.3.4 Disposal

6.4 Health and Environmental Effects of Diesel Fuel

6.4.1 Health Aspects

6.4.1.1 Inhalation

6.4.1.2 Ingestion.

6.4.1.3 Aspiration

6.4.1.4 Skin Contact

6.4.1.5 Eye Contact

6.4.2 Exposure Limits

6.4.3 Ecotoxicity

6.4.4 Disposal

6.5 Influences on Product Quality during Distribution

6.5.1 Sea Transport

6.5.2 Pipeline

6.5.3 Road and Rail

6.6 Influences on Product Quality during Storage

6.6.1 Water Contamination in Tankage

6.6.2 Microbiological Contamination

6.6.3 Sludge in Tankage

6.6.4 Evaporative Losses

6.6.5 Oxidation

6.7 Considerations with Oxygenated Blends

6.7.1 Environmental Aspects of Fuels Containing MTBE

6.7.2 Water Sensitivity of Alcohol Blends

6.7.3 Safety and Fire Protection for Alcohol Blends

6.7.4 Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel

6.7.5 Cold Stability of Biodiesel

Chapter 7 Positive Ignition Engine Combustion Process

7.1 Normal Combustion

7.1.1 Mixture Requirements

7.1.2 The Combustion Process

7.2 Spark Knock

7.2.1 How Spark Knock Occurs

7.3 Measurement of Gasoline Antiknock Quality

7.3.1 Research and Motor Octane Number

7.3.2 Road Octane Number

7.3.3 Octane Index and Modern Engines

7.3.4 Influence of Chemical Structure on Octane Quality

7.4 Antiknock Additives

7.4.1 Lead Alkyls

7.4.2 MMT-Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl

7.4.3 Other Metallic Antiknocks

7.4.4 Organic Antiknocks

7.4.5 Oxygenated Blending Components

7.5 Octane Blending

7.6 Octane Requirements of Vehicles and Engines

7.6.1 Vehicles with Knock Sensor Systems

7.6.2 Data Analysis

7.6.3 Octane Rating of Fuels Using Vehicles or Engines

7.6.4 Engine and Other Factors That Influence Octane Requirements

7.7 Octane Requirement Increase (ORI)

7.8 Other Abnormal Combustion Phenomena

7.8.1 Pre-Ignition

7.8.1.1 Fuel Quality Effects on Pre-Ignition

7.8.1.2 Deposits and Pre-Ignition.

7.8.1.3 Inherent Fuel Resistance to Pre-Ignition

7.8.2 Misfire

7.8.3 Run-On

Chapter 8 Gasoline Engine Design and Influence of Fuel Characteristics

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Gasoline Engine

8.2.1 Otto Cycle

8.2.2 The Atkinson Cycle

8.2.3 The Miller Cycle

8.3 Vehicle Fuel Systems

8.3.1 The Fuel Metering System

8.3.1.1 Carburetors

8.3.1.2 Throttle Body Fuel Injection

8.3.1.3 Port Fuel Injection

8.3.1.4 Direct Fuel Injection

8.3.1.4.1 Direct Injection Strategies

8.3.1.4.2 Direct Injection Injector Technology

8.3.2 The Fuel Tank and Pump

8.4 Ignition Systems

8.5 Combustion and Exhaust Emission Control Systems

8.5.1 Combustion Chamber Configuration

8.5.1.1 Combustion Chamber Shape

8.5.1.2 Valve Layouts

8.5.2 The Effect of Air-to-Fuel Ratio

8.5.3 Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems

8.5.3.1 Oxidation Catalysts

8.5.3.2 Three-Way Catalysts

8.5.3.3 Lean NOX Traps

8.5.3.4 Particulate Filters

Chapter 9 Gasoline Volatility

9.1 Measurement of Gasoline Volatility

9.1.1 Vapor Pressure

9.1.2 Reid Vapor Pressure

9.1.3 Dry Vapor Pressure and DVPE

9.1.4 Distillation by ASTM D86

9.1.5 Vapor-Liquid Ratio

9.1.6 Effect of Oxygenated Blending Components

9.2 Cold Starting

9.2.1 Different Fuel System Technologies

9.2.1.1 Carbureted Engines

9.2.1.2 Port Fuel Injected Engines

9.2.1.3 Direct Injection Engines

9.2.2 Relevant Specifications

9.3 Cold Weather Driveability

9.3.1 Cold Weather Driveability Test Procedures

9.3.1.1 U.S. Test Procedures

9.3.1.2 European Procedures

9.3.2 Relevant Fuel Parameters

9.3.2.1 U.S. Driveability Index

9.3.2.2 European and Japanese Indices

9.4 Hot Weather Driveability

9.4.1 Hot Weather Driveability Testing.

9.4.2 Hot Weather Driveability Problems

9.4.2.1 Fuel Weathering

9.4.2.2 Vapor Lock

9.4.2.3 Carburetor Percolation

9.4.2.4 Carburetor Foaming

9.4.3 Hot Weather Fuel Parameter Specification

9.5 Evaporative Emissions from Vehicles

9.5.1 Measuring Evaporative Emissions

9.5.2 Reducing Evaporative Emissions

9.6 Influence of Fuel Volatility on Exhaust Emissions

9.7 Intake System Icing

9.7.1 Throttle Icing in Carbureted and Throttle Body Injected Engines

9.7.2 Throttle Icing in Multipoint Fuel Injected Engines

9.8 Oil Dilution and Combustion Chamber Deposits

9.9 Fuel Economy and Gasoline Volatility

Chapter 10 Influence of Gasoline Composition on Stability, Gum Formation, and Engine Deposits

10.1 The Influence of Gasoline Composition on Stability

10.1.1 Measurement of Stability

10.1.1.1 Measurement of Oxidation Stability by Induction Period Method

10.1.1.2 Automated Measurement of Induction Period

10.1.1.3 Measurement of Gum Content by Jet Evaporation

10.1.1.4 Measurement of Oxidation Stability by Potential Residue Method

10.1.1.5 Measurement of Long-Term Stability

10.2 Deposit Formation in Engines Due to Gasoline Oxidation

10.2.1 Deposit Formation in the Fuel Tank and Fuel Lines

10.2.2 Deposit Formation in Fuel Injectors and Carburetors

10.2.2.1 Chrysler 2.2

10.2.2.2 Other Vehicle-Based Injector Deposit Test

10.2.2.3 CRC Injector Deposit Bench Test

10.2.3 Deposit Formation in the Inlet Manifold, Ports, and on Valves

10.2.3.1 Opel Kadett Test

10.2.3.2 Mercedes-Benz M102E Test

10.2.3.3 BMW 318i Test

10.2.3.4 Mercedes-Benz M111 Test

10.2.3.5 Ford 2.3 Test

10.2.3.6 Other Engine Tests

10.2.3.7 Bench Simulator Rigs

10.2.3.8 Valve Stick Test

10.2.4 Combustion Chamber Deposits.

10.2.4.1 Deposit Formation in Direct Injection Gasoline Engines.

Notes:

Based on work originally published as Automotive fuels handbook / K. Owen.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Related Work:

Owen, K. (Keith). Automotive fuels handbook.

ISBN:

9780768087932

0768087937

OCLC:

1031340400