Fundamentals and advances in medical biotechnology / edited by Mumtaz Anwar, Riyaz Ahmad Rather, Zeenat Farooq.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Anwar, Mumtaz, editor.

Rather, Riyaz Ahmad, editor.

Farooq, Zeenat, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biomedical engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (460 pages)

Place of Publication:

Cham, Switzerland : Springer, [2022]

Summary:

This book serves as an introduction to the concepts of medical biotechnology, with great details about fundamentals and early disciplines of study as well as emerging fields and the latest research. The book follows a chronological order from the earliest discoveries and breakthroughs of medical biotechnology to the latest areas of study. The book contains up-to-date citations for each chapter and section, which makes it easy for the reader to understand the concept and also to follow the latest developments in the particular area. It is an ideal book for undergraduate and graduate students who aspire to derive basic knowledge and are also keen on learning about the latest advancements in the field of medical biotechnology.

Contents:

Intro

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Chapter 1: The Advent of Medical Biotechnology

1.1 Definition and Historical Resume

1.1.1 Definition of Medical Biotechnology and its Evolution

1.1.2 History of Medical Biotechnology

1.1.3 Earliest Applications in Disease Detection

1.1.3.1 Gram Staining

1.1.3.2 Haematological Staining and Magic Bullet by Paul Ehrlich

1.1.3.3 Karyotyping

1.2 Pioneers of the Field

1.2.1 "Re-visiting the History of Vaccination": The Story of Edward Jenner and His Predecessors

1.2.1.1 Origin of Smallpox and Introduction of Variolation

Edward Jenner

Louis Pasteur

Chicken Cholera Vaccine

Anthrax Vaccine

Paul Ehrlich: A Biochemist Ahead of His Time

1.3 Importance of the Field

1.3.1 Most Recent Advances and Their Importance (Fig. 1.1)

1.3.1.1 Robotics-Operated Surgeries

1.3.1.2 Stem Cell Research

1.3.1.3 Human Genome Project

1.3.1.4 Targeted Cancer Therapies

1.3.1.5 Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualization and Augmented Reality for Surgery

1.3.1.6 HPV Vaccine

1.3.1.7 Face Transplants

1.3.1.8 CRISPR

1.3.1.9 Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Organs

1.3.1.10 Nerve Regeneration

1.3.1.11 Brain Signals to Audible Speech

1.3.2 Invention of PCR

1.3.3 Production of Synthetic Insulin

1.4 Sub-Disciplines: Allied Fields, Inter-Relationships with Other Fields

References

Chapter 2: Biotechnology in Medicine: Fundamentals

2.1 Introduction, Importance of Biotechnology in Everyday Life, Utilization of Biotechnology for Human Welfare

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Importance of Biotechnology in Everyday Life

2.1.3 Utilization of Biotechnology for Human Welfare

2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction, Essential Components of Polymerase Chain Reaction, Modifications of PCR, Applications of PCR

2.2.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction.

2.2.2 Essential Components of Polymerase Chain Reaction

2.2.3 Modifications of PCR

2.2.4 Applications of PCR

2.3 Restriction Enzymes: Types and Mechanism of Action

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Nomenclature

2.3.3 Types of Restriction Endonucleases

2.3.4 Isoschizomers and Neoschizomers

2.3.5 CRISPR-Cas9: A Novel Tool in the DNA Editing Toolbox

2.4 Cloning: Introduction, Cloning Vectors, Cloning of PCR Products

2.4.1 Over-View of Cloning

2.4.1.1 Enzymes Involved in Cloning Procedure

2.4.1.2 Molecular Accessories Required to Facilitate Cloning

2.4.2 Cloning Vector

2.4.2.1 Criteria of a Good Cloning Vector

2.4.2.2 Plasmids

2.4.2.3 Bacteriophages

2.4.2.4 Cosmids

2.4.2.5 Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)

2.4.2.6 Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC)

2.4.3 Cloning of PCR Products

2.4.3.1 Ligation Dependent Cloning

2.4.3.2 Ligation-Independent Cloning

2.4.3.3 Gateway Cloning

2.5 Introduction to Bacterial Transformation, Different Methods of Transformation, Animal Cell Transfection

2.5.1 Introduction

2.5.2 Types of Bacterial Transformations

2.5.2.1 Natural Transformation

2.5.2.2 Artificial Transformation

2.5.3 Work Flow of Bacterial Transformation

2.5.3.1 Competent Cell Preparation

2.5.3.2 Transformation of Cells

2.5.3.3 Cell Recovery

2.5.3.4 Cell Plating

2.5.4 Animal Cell Transfection

2.5.4.1 Chemical

2.5.4.2 Biological

2.5.4.3 Physical

2.6 Real-Time PCR

2.6.1 Introduction

2.6.2 Principle of Real-Time PCR

2.6.2.1 DNA-Binding Dyes

2.6.2.2 Probe Based Detection

2.7 Genomic Libraries, cDNA Libraries, and PCR Based Libraries

2.7.1 Genomic Libraries

2.7.1.1 Cloning of DNA Fragments

2.7.2 cDNA Libraries

2.7.2.1 mRNA Can Be Cloned as Complementary DNA

2.7.3 PCR Based Libraries.

2.8 Gene Screening: Introduction, Nucleic Acid Hybridization Screening, Immune Screening, Functional Screening, Interaction-Based Screening

2.8.1 Introduction

2.8.2 Screening by Nucleic Acid Hybridization

2.8.2.1 Properties of DNA Probe

2.8.3 Immunoscreening

2.8.4 Screening by Function

2.8.4.1 Screening by Functional Complementation

2.8.5 Screening by Interaction

2.9 Mutagenesis: Introduction, Primer Extension Mutagenesis, PCR Based Mutagenesis, Random Mutagenesis

2.9.1 Introduction

2.9.2 Primer Extension Mutagenesis (The Single-Primer Method)

2.9.3 PCR Methods of Site-Directed Mutagenesis

2.9.4 Random Mutagenesis

2.9.4.1 Doped Cassette Mutagenesis

2.9.4.2 Error-Prone PCR

2.10 Summary

Chapter 3: Biotechnology in Medicine: Advances-I

3.1 Genome Sequencing

3.1.1 Human Genome Project (HGP)

3.1.2 Introduction to Manual and Automated Sequencing, Assembly

3.1.2.1 Manual DNA Sequencing

3.1.2.2 Automated Sequencing

3.1.3 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

3.1.4 Sequence Comparison Techniques

3.1.5 Genome Annotation Techniques

3.2 Origin of Genomes

3.2.1 Acquisition of New Genes

3.2.2 Origins of Introns

3.2.3 Genetics to Genomics and Genomics to Functional Genomics

3.2.4 Forward and Reverse Genetics

3.3 Phylogeny

3.3.1 COGs (Cluster of Orthologues Genes)

3.3.2 Paralogues Genes and Gene Displacement

3.4 Microarrays: Oligonucleotide Microarray Chips

3.4.1 SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) Microarrays

3.4.2 cDNA Microarrays

3.4.3 Cancer and Genomic Microarrays

3.5 Application of Microarrays with Examples

3.5.1 In Cancer

3.5.2 In Antibiotic Treatment

3.5.3 Early Detection of Oral Lesions

3.5.4 Microarray Data Analysis and Interpretation

3.6 Genetic Engineering.

3.6.1 Genetic Engineering in Animals: Pronuclear Injection, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

3.7 Gene Therapy: Introduction

3.7.1 Applications of Gene Therapy with Examples

3.7.1.1 Neurological Disorders

3.7.1.2 Infectious Diseases

3.7.1.3 Cancer

3.7.1.4 Inherited Diseases

Chapter 4: Biotechnology in Medicine: Advances-II

4.1 Protein Expression: Introduction to E. coli Expression System, Yeast Expression System, Insect Expression System. Higher-Eukaryotic Expression Systems

4.1.1 Protein Expression

4.1.1.1 Bacterial Expression System

4.1.1.2 Yeast Expression System

4.1.1.3 Insect Cell Expression System

4.1.1.4 Mammalian Expression System

4.2 Protein Purification: Principle of Heterologous Protein Purification following Expression. Use of His Tag, GST-Tag, MBP-Tag, TAP-Tag, Myc-Tag

4.2.1 Protein Purification

4.3 Proteomics: Introduction, Protein Detection Array, Protein Informatics, Domain Analysis, and Structure Prediction

4.3.1 Protein Detection Array

4.3.1.1 Analytical Microarrays

4.3.1.2 Functional Microarray

4.3.1.3 Reverse-Phase Protein Microarrays

4.3.2 Protein Informatics

4.3.3 Domain Analysis

4.3.3.1 Domain Parsing

4.3.4 Structure Prediction

4.4 Expression Sequence Tags (ESTs), Application of Protein Detection Microarray with Examples

4.4.1 Expression Sequence Tags (ESTs)

4.4.2 Application of Protein Detection Microarray

4.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Protein Detection Arrays

4.6 Summary

Chapter 5: Analytical Techniques in Medical Biotechnology

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Microscopy

5.1.1.1 Background and Types

5.1.2 Applications of Microscopy in Medical Biotechnology

5.2 Spectroscopy

5.2.1 Background and Types

5.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

5.2.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy.

5.2.3.1 Absorption and Intensity Shift in UV-Visible Spectroscopy of Biomolecules

5.2.4 CD Spectroscopy

5.2.5 Applications of Spectroscopy in Medical Biotechnology

5.3 Chromatography

5.3.1 Principle

5.4 Radioisotopes and Their Application in Biological System

5.4.1 Histochemistry, Immunohistochemistry

5.5 Electrophoretic Techniques

5.5.1 Applications of Electrophoresis in Separation of Clinical Samples

5.6 Hybridization

5.6.1 Northern Blotting, Southern Blotting, Western Blotting, and Use of Probes in Blotting

5.7 ELISA

5.8 Summary

Chapter 6: Immunology in Medical Biotechnology

6.1 An Overview of Immune System, Types of immunity, Cells and Organs of Immune System

6.1.1 An Overview of Immune System

6.1.2 Types of Immunity

6.1.2.1 Innate Immunity

Anatomical and Physiological Barriers

6.1.2.2 Adaptive Immunity

6.1.3 Cells and Organs of Immune System

6.1.3.1 Organs of the Immune System

6.1.3.2 Cells of Immune System

6.2 Human Immunogenetics, Basic Principles and Clinical Relevance

6.3 Antibody, Structure and Classification

6.3.1 Structure of Antibody

6.3.2 Classification of Antibodies

6.4 Antibody Production and Mechanisms Involved

6.4.1 Antibody Purification

6.5 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC Complex), Structure and Functions

6.5.1 MHC-I

6.5.2 MHC-II

6.6 Hypersensitivity Reaction

6.6.1 Allergy and Allergens

6.6.2 Role of Immunoglobulin E and Mast Cells in Allergy

6.7 Tumor Immunology

6.7.1 Acquired Immunodeficiency Disorder (AIDS)

6.7.1.1 Infection

6.7.2 Immunodeficiency Disease

6.7.3 Immune Tolerance

6.7.4 Autoimmunity

6.7.5 Transplantation

6.7.6 Graft Rejection

6.7.7 Graft Versus Host Reaction

6.8 Immune Cell Therapy

Chapter 7: Epigenetics and Medical Biotechnology.

7.1 Introduction to Epigenetics.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Anwar, Mumtaz Fundamentals and Advances in Medical Biotechnology

ISBN:

3-030-98554-7