Attention in early development : themes and variations / Holly Alliger Ruff and Mary K. Rothbart.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ruff, Holly Alliger.

Contributor:

Rothbart, Mary Klevjord.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Attention.

Child development.

Visual perception in children.

Physical Description:

xv, 294 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Oxford University Press, 2001, c1996.

Summary:

1. Introduction. 2. Constructs and Measures. 3. Looking and Visual Attention: Overview and Developmental Framework. 4. Scanning, Searching, and Shifting Attention. 5. Development of Selectivity. 6. Development of Attention as a State. 7. Focused Visual Attention and Resistance to Distraction. 8. Increasing Independence in the Control of Attention. 9. Attention in Learning and Performance. 10. Individual Differences in Attention. 11. Early Manifestations of Attention Deficits. 12. Individuality and Development. 13. Recapitulation. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

1. Introduction

Our Approach to Attention

Development of Attention

Individuality and Development

Organization of the Book

2. Constructs and Measures

Attention as Selectivity

Selection of Objects and Locations

Selection of Attributes Within an Object

Attention as State

Behavioral Measures

Physiological Measures

Attention as Executive Control

Voluntary Attention

Limited Capacity

Automatic versus Controlled Processes

Summary

3. Looking and Visual Attention: Overview and Developmental Framework

Looking in the Newborn

The Transition at 2 to 3 months

Social Implications of the 2- to 3-Month Shift

Processes Underlying the Transition at 2 to 3 Months

Looking and the Development of the First Attention System

The Transition at 9 to 12 Months

Developmental Changes in Looking

Changes in Other Domains

Processes Underlying the Transition at 9 Months

Consolidation of the Second Attention System and the Transition at 18 Months

Developments in Patterns of Looking

The 18-Month Transition

Processes Underlying the 18-Month Transition

The Preschool Years and Increasing Control of Attention

Behavioral Evidence

Processes Underlying Development from 2 to 5 Years

4. Scanning, Searching, and Shifting Attention

Shifting Attention

Scanning

Shifting Attention Between Events

Visual Search and Expectation

Nonobservable Shifts of Attention

5. Development of Selectivity

Changing Visual Preferences in the First Few Months

A Shift from Quantitative to More Qualitative Bases for Selection

Neural Underpinnings for the Shift in Selectivity at 2 to 3 Months

Selection Based on Perceptual Experience

Selection of Novel Objects and Events

Selection of Novel Locations

Selection Based on Motivational Relevance.

Social and Emotional Consequences of People

Selection Based on What Is Relevant to New Motor Skills

Selecting What Others Select

6. Development of Attention as a State

Engagement and Disengagement of Attention

Initiation

Engagement

Disengagement and Termination of Attention

Factors that Sustain Engagement

Arousal

Cognitive Factors

Mutual Influences of Attention and Other States

7. Focused Visual Attention and Resistance to Distraction

General Conceptual Issues

Framework for Development

Orienting/Investigative System

System of Higher Level Control

Development of Two Systems of Attention

Implications for Distractibility

Conceptual Issues in the Study of Distractibility

Common Mechanisms

Developmental Changes in Mechanisms

Can Distractors Help Performance?

8. Increasing Independence in the Control of Attention

Adult as Regulator

The Role of the Parent in State Control

Shared Attention to Objects

Cultural Influences

The Shift from Other-Regulation to Self-Regulation

Increased Awareness of Attention in Self and Others

The Role of Changing Motivations

Volitional Skills

9. Attention in Learning and Performance

Learning and Performance as Defining Aspects of Attention

Does Attention Enhance Learning and Performance?

Behavioral Evidence for the Role of Focused Attention

Physiological Differentiation

Specific Types of Learning

Discrimination Learning

Sequence Learning

Observational Learning

Attention and Practice of New Skills

Practice of Emerging Motor Skills

Attention to Emerging Cognitive Skills

Effort Involved in Emerging Use of Strategies

10. Individual Differences in Attention

Studying Individual Differences

Individual Differences in Aspects of Attention.

Reactivity

Sustained Visual Attention

Focused Attention

Related Dimensions of Individuality

Motor Activity

Higher Level Control of Impulses

Attention and Emotionality

11. Early Manifestations of Attention Deficits

Attention Deficits in School-Age Children

Excess Motor Activity and Attention

Relating Disorders to Different Processes

Possible Precursors of Attention Deficits with Hyperactivity

Early Signs of Hyperactivity

Developmental Patterns

Precursors to Attention Deficits Without Hyperactivity

Attention Deficits in Other Conditions

Infants with Regulatory Disorders

Impaired Attention in Autistic Children in Social Situations

Underlying Deviations in Early Attention Deficits

Attention Deficit as Neurodevelopmental Lag

A Temperament Approach to Attention Deficits

Hypotheses About Optimal Arousal Level

Imbalances of Activation and Inhibition

12. Individuality and Development

Origins of Individual Differences

Early Biological Variation

Environment as a Contributor

An Interactionist Approach to Individual Differences

The Development of Attention Deficits

Biological Bases

Social Contributions to Developmental Patterns

Individual Profiles of Development

13. Recapitulation

Development

Individual Differences

The Larger Context

References

Author Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

Subject Index

W.

Notes:

Includes bibliographic references and indexes.

Description based on metadata supplied by the publisher and other sources.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9786610834440

9780199894031 (ebook)

9780195350456

0195350456

9780198023548

0198023545

9781280834448

1280834447

9780199894031

0199894035

OCLC:

435942086