Insect and Hydroponic Farming in Africa : The New Circular Food Economy / Dorte Verner [and seven others].

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Verner, Dorte, author.

Series:

Agriculture and food series (World Bank)

Agriculture and Food Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Edible insects.

Hydroponics--Africa.

Hydroponics.

Sustainable agriculture--Africa.

Sustainable agriculture.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (280 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Washington, DC : The World Bank, [2021]

System Details:

data file

Summary:

Interestingly, some relief from today's woes may come from ancient human practices. While current agri-food production models rely on abundant supplies of water, energy, and arable land and generate significant greenhouse gas emissions in addition to forest and biodiversity loss, past practices point toward more affordable and sustainable paths. Different forms of insect farming and soilless crop farming, or hydroponics, have existed for centuries. In this report the authors make a persuasive case that frontier agriculture, particularly insect and hydroponic farming, can complement conventional agriculture. Both technologies reuse society's agricultural and organic industrial waste to produce nutritious food and animal feed without continuing to deplete the planet's land and water resources, thereby converting the world's wasteful linear food economy into a sustainable, circular food economy. As the report shows, insect and hydroponic farming can create jobs, diversify livelihoods, improve nutrition, and provide many other benefits in African and fragile, conflict-affected countries. Together with other investments in climate-smart agriculture, such as trees on farms, alternate wetting and drying rice systems, conservation agriculture, and sustainable livestock, these technologies are part of a promising menu of solutions that can help countries move their land, food, water, and agriculture systems toward greater sustainability and reduced emissions. This is a key consideration as the World Bank renews its commitment to support countries' climate action plans. This book is the Bank's first attempt to look at insect and hydroponic farming as possible solutions to the world's climate and food and nutrition security crisis and may represent a new chapter in the Bank's evolving efforts to help feed and sustain the planet.

Contents:

Front Cover

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Executive Summary

Abbreviations

Chapter One Introduction

Context of the Problem

Solutions to the Problem

Viability

Road Map

Methodology

Notes

References

Chapter Two Food Security Context

Highlights

Food Security and Nutrition in Africa

Food Supply

Economic Structure of the Agriculture Sector

Population Change in FCV Countries

Climate Change in FCV Countries

ANNEX 2A

Chapter Three Understanding Insect Farming

Context of Insect Farming in Africa

Types of Insects that can be Farmed

Roles in Insect Farming for Civil Society, Government, and the Private Sector

Insect Farming's Nutritional Benefits

Insect Farming's Social Benefits

Insect Farming's Environmental Benefits

Insect Farming's Economic Benefits

ANNEX 3A

Chapter Four Mainstreaming Insect Farming

Edible Insect Supply Chains in African FCV-Affected States

Urban and Rural Insect Markets

Drivers of the Edible Insect Market

Edible Insect Production Systems

Modeling the Potential of BSF in Zimbabwe

Annex 4A. Profiles of Potential Benefits Derived From Black Soldier Fly in 10 African Countries

Chapter Five Understanding Hydroponics

About Hydroponics

Types Of Hydroponic Systems

Required Inputs

Outputs

Advantages Over Soil Agriculture

Limitations

Chapter Six Ways Forward

Phase 1: Establishing and Piloting

Phase 2: Scaling

Note

Boxes

Box 1.1 Benefits from Frontier Agriculture for Countries Affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence

Box 1.2 Farm-Level and Country-Level Surveys

Box 3.1 Insect Farming and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Box 4.1 Costs Associated with an Experimental Cricket Farming Activity in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp

Box 5.1 Hydroponic Pilot Project in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp

Box 5.2 Comparing Lettuce Yields, Water Usage, and Growing Seasons between Traditional Soil Farming and Two Hydroponic Techniques-the Wicking Bed and Nutrient Film Techniques-in West Bank and Gaza

Figures

Figure ES.1 Linear versus Circular Economy for Food Production and Consumption

Figure ES.2 Developing a Circular Food Economy

Figure ES.3 Comparative Advantage of Frontier Technology Relative to Conventional Farming When R ≤ R*

Figure ES.4 Supply Chain Integration versus Costs over Time

Figure 1.1 Prevalence of Undernourishment in African Fragile, Conflict, and Violence Countries, 2015-30

Figure 1.2 Share of the Population with Insufficient Food Consumption in African FCV Countries

Figure 1.3 Linear versus Circular Economy for Food Production and Consumption

Figure 1.4 The Circular Food Economy and Its Benefits Using the Frontier Agricultural Technologies of Insect Farming and Hydroponic Crop Agriculture

Figure 1.5 Comparative Advantage of Frontier Technology Relative to Conventional Farming When R ≤ R*

Figure 2.1 The Four Dimensions of Food Security

Figure 2.2 Food Insecurity's Negative Feedback Loop

Figure 2.3 Undernourishment Rates in FCV versus Non-FCV Countries in Africa, 2001-18

Figure 2.4 Undernourishment Is Pervasive and Increasing among FCV Countries

Figure 2.5 Prevalence of Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 Years), 2016

Figure 2.6 Prevalence of Stunting, or a Height-for-Age More Than Two Standard Deviations below the International Median, among Children Younger Than Five Years

Figure 2.7 Food Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2018

Figure 2.8 Changes in Food Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2014-18.

Figure 2.9 Average Protein Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2018

Figure 2.10 Change in Per Capita Food Production Variability in 18 African FCV Countries, 2000-16

Figure 2.11 Food Exports as a ­Percentage of Merchandise Exports

Figure 2.12 Average Annual Output per Worker in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery in 13 African FCV Countries, Various Years

Figure 2.13 Average Annual Population Growth in 19 African FCV Countries from 2000-04 to 2015-19

Figure 2.14 Population Living in Urban Areas in African FCV Countries, 2000 and 2019

Figure 2.15 Net Migration in African FCV Countries, 2002-17

Figure 2.16 Number of Refugees, by Country of Origin, 2015 and 2019

Figure 2.17 Number of Internally Displaced Persons in 14 African FCV Countries, 2019

Figure 2.18 Change in Average Temperature from 2000 to 2016 in African FCV Countries

Figure 2.19 Changes in Renewable Freshwater Resources from 2002 to 2017 in African FCV Countries

Figure 3.1 Number of Direct and Indirect Jobs Created in the Insect Food and Feed Industry in Europe

Figure 3.2 Korean Government Framework for the Insects-for-Food-and-Feed Industry

Figure 3.3 Results of a Life-Cycle Assessment of the Climate Impacts from Farming Crickets, Producing Broiler Chickens, and Optimizing Cricket Farms in Thailand

Figure 4.1 Zimbabwe's Wild Harvested Mopane Caterpillar Supply Chain

Figure 4.2 Democratic Republic of Congo's Wild Harvested Edible Insect Supply Chain

Figure 4.3 Papua New Guinea's Wild Harvested Edible Insect Supply Chain

Figure 4.4 Nontribal Social Arrangements of Wild Harvested Edible Insects in Zambia's Kazoka Village

Figure 4.5 Rough Representation of the Farmed Edible Insect Value and Supply Chains

Figure 4.6 Supply Chain Integration versus Costs over Time.

Figure 4.7 Price Changes from Market Segmentation and Outsourcing Production to Small-Scale Insect Producers

Figure 4.8 Cricket Value Chain

Figure 4.9 BSF Value Chain

Figure 4.10 Maize Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe

Figure 4.11 Sugarcane Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe

Figure 4.12 Soybean Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe

Figure 4.13 Groundnut Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe

Figure 4.14 Wheat Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe

Figure 5.1 Hydroponic Systems and How They Are Set Up

Figure 5.2 Aquaponics Cycle

Figure 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroponic Systems

Figure 5.4 Inputs into and Outcomes of Aquaponics and Hydroponics

Figure B5.2.1 Lettuce Yield, Water Use, and Number of Growing Seasons per Year for Two Hydroponic Systems and the Traditional Soil Method in West Bank and Gaza

Figure 5.5 Hydroponic Space, Water Needs, and Yields for Producing Kale, Spinach, and Cowpeas

Figure 5.6 How Hydroponics Supports the World Bank Group's Four FCV Pillars

Figure 6.1 Developing a Circular Food Economy

Figure 6.2 Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Farmed Insects as Food and Feed

Maps

Map 1.1 Countries in Which Insect Farming Data Were Collected for This Report

Map 2.1 Stunting Rates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2015

Map 3.1 Diversity and Abundance of Edible Insects in Africa

Photos

Photo 3.1 Insect-Based Health Supplements from the Republic of Korea

Photo 4.1 Examples of Cricket Farms

Photo 4.2 Examples of Mealworm Farms

Photo 4.3 Examples of BSF Production Systems

Photo 5.1 Example of a Wick System with Multiple Wicking Beds in West Bank and Gaza

Photo 5.2 Kratky Bucket System

Photo 5.3 Two Views of a Hydroponic Green Fodder System in West Bank and Gaza.

Photo 5.4 Hydroponic Farming in West Bank and Gaza

Tables

Table 2.1 Cereal Balance Sheet for 13 African FCV Countries with Available Data, 2018

Table 2.2 Agricultural Employment as a Percentage of Total Employment in African FCV Countries, 2000-19

Table 2.3 Value Added from Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing as a Percentage of GDP in 19 African FCV Countries, 2000-19

Table 2.4 Population Living below the National Poverty Line in 18 African FCV Countries, Various Years

Table 2.5 Annual Freshwater Withdrawals for Agriculture as a Percentage of Total Freshwater Withdrawals, 2002 and 2017

Table 2A.1 Undernourished People, 2000-18

Table 2A.2 Children under Age Five Who Are Stunted

Table 2A.3 Industry (Manufacturing and Construction) Value Added, 2000-19

Table 2A.4 Literacy Rate

Table 2A.5 Refugees, by Country of Origin, African FCV Countries, 2000-19

Table 2A.6 Refugees, by Asylum Country, 2005-18

Table 3.1 Willingness to Taste a Cricket Product among Nationalities in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp, 2016

Table 3.2 Most Commonly Farmed Insect Species

Table 3.3 Growth Periods and Cycles of the Insect Species Observed in the Farm-Level Survey

Table 3.4 Insect Species Farmed for Food and Feed in Africa as Identified in the Farm-Level Survey in 2019

Table 3.5 Stakeholders in the Insects as Food and Feed Industry and Their Roles and Functions, 2019

Table 3.6 Korean Government Areas of Investment for the Country's Insect Sector

Table 3.7 Details of Large-Scale Insect Farming Companies, Based on Information Available in 2019

Table 3.8 Fat and Protein in Various Edible Insect Species

Table 3.9 Feed Conversion Rates of Various Insect and Livestock Species

Table 3.10 Substrate Use on African Insect Farms.

Table 3.11 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Content of Chicken, Cricket, and Black Soldier Fly Larvae Biofertilizers.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references.

Other Format:

Print version: Verner, Dorte Insect and Hydroponic Farming in Africa

ISBN:

9781464817670

1464817677

OCLC:

1292354170

Publisher Number:

10.1596/978-1-4648-1766-3