Microscope design. Volume 1, Principles / Dmitry Frolov.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Frolov, D. V. (Dmitriĭ Vladimirovich), author.

Contributor:

Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, publisher.

Series:

SPIE digital library

SPIE monograph ; PM328

SPIE Press monograph ; PM328

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Microscopes--Design and construction.

Microscopes.

Genre:

Electronic books.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xiii, 450 pages) : illustrations.

Place of Publication:

Bellingham, Washington : SPIE, 2021.

System Details:

Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Summary:

"This book traces the historical development of microscopy instruments from their invention to the current state of the art. New concepts and engineering solutions are presented for modern light microscopes, with a focus on the practical construction of optical systems. Real design parameters of dioptric objectives and other systems are provided to supply readers with basic information for independent designs. Full-color photomicrographs of real objects illustrate the quality of aberration correction that is required from optics."-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Preface xi

Chapter 1 Non-modern Modern Microscopes 1

1.1 A Brief Excursion to History 2

1.2 Non-modern Modern Microscopes 6

1.2.1 Objectives: Achromats 10

1.2.2 Objectives: Apochromats 20

1.2.3 Achromats and apochromats water immersion objectives 37

1.2.4 Eyepieces, condensers and other components 41

1.2.4.1 Eyepieces 45

1.2.4.2 Condensers 49

1.2.4.3 Other equipment 70

1.2.5 Reflective light equipment 80

1.2.6 Old mass-produced Soviet microscopes and devices 81

1.2.6.1 Phase contrast devices 86

1.2.6.2 Reflected light device (OI-21) for the “Biolam” microscope 96

1.2.6.3 Fluorescent reflected-light device (OI-28) for the “Biolam” microscope 99

1.2.6.4 Measuring devices for budget microscopes 103

1.2.6.5 Polarizing microscopes and devices 107

1.2.6.6 Device for research by contact microscopy: OLK-2 115

1.2.7 Set of interesting, old Zeiss objectives 116

1.2.8 Old mass-produced American microscopes 117

1.3 Topical Reasoning 127

References 130

Chapter 2 Abstracts and Reviews 131

2.1 Group Design of Optical Instruments 131

2.1.1 Basic design 137

2.1.2 Aggregate-modular design 139

2.2 Design of Unified Systems of Optical Instruments and Functional Nodes 143

2.3 Brief Classification of Microscopic Objects 148

2.3.1 Brief description of some special “microscopic” objects 150

2.4 Short Description of Image in the Microscope 154

2.5 Main Types of Microscopes and Components of the Light Microscope 158

2.6 On the Need to Change Some Norms and Standards for Light Microscopes 158

2.6.1 On the current level of technology 158

2.7 Optical System of a Modern Microscope 169

2.7.1 Illumination system 170

2.7.2 The visual observation system 171

2.7.3 Objectives 173

2.7.4 Eyepieces 174

2.7.5 Recording system 175

2.8 Engineering Solutions of Optics for Visualization Systems of Light Microscopes 176

2.9 Examples of Principal Optical Designs of Some Kinds of Light Microscopes 182

2.10 Synthesis of the Optical Systems of Lens Objectives for Light Microscopes 182

2.10.1 Designing the optical layouts of microscope objectives 184

2.10.2 The simplest microscope objectives 188

2.10.3 The simplest microscope objectives with corrected lateral color aberration 188

2.10.4 The simplest microscope objectives with correction for two wavelengths or spectral regions “dualchromat” type 189

2.10.5 Microscope objectives with increased numerical apertures 190

2.10.6 Microscope objectives with planapochromatic correction 191

2.10.7 Planachromats and planapochromats with increased working distances 194

2.10.8 Plansuperapochromat microscope objectives 194

2.10.9 “Microvideo” objectives 196

2.11 On Condensers of Microscopes of Transmitting Light 197

2.12 Conditions for Obtaining Uniform Light Distribution, Generated by Lighting Devices 203

2.13 Correction of Chromatic Aberration in the Optical Systems of Illumination in Microscopes 213

2.14 Features of the Construction of Lighting Devices of Microscopes for the Implementation of Methods of Contrasting 219

2.15 Examples of Phase Contrast Investigations using Different Producers of Devises 223

2.16 Several Photographs of Objects Taken using polarization and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopes 242

2.17 Investigation of the Possibility of using Leds as Light Sources in Microscopes 246

2.17.1 LED optics 250

2.17.2 LEDs in the illumination devices of microscopes 253

2.17.3 Types of diffusers and their role in lighting devices of microscopes 256

2.17.4 Led lines and matrixes in microscopes 263

2.17.5 Practice and analysis of the experimental use of the LED in the microscope 264

2.18 Technique for Calculating the Designs of Filled-type Objectives 270

2.19 Estimation of Clearances in the Design and Adjustment of Barrel Type Lens Systems 279

2.20 Experience in Creating Elements of an Automated System for Testing the Quality of Microscope Objectives 283

2.20.1 The use in the microscope of the “infinity” tube length - a step towards automating the assembly and control of microscope objectives 285

2.20.2 “Virtual” quality and assembly - steps to automate the assembly and control of microscope objectives 285

2.20.3 Elements of automation control optical-mechanical components 287

2.20.4 Elements of automation of quality control microscope objectives 289

2.21 The Concept of an Automatic Assembly Line for Microscope Objectives, Based on Adaptive Selection of their Components 292

2.21.1 Concept of an automatic assembly line for microscope objectives 293

2.21.2 Standardization of microscope objective designs 293

2.21.3 Technological errors of the elements that influence the target quality indices of microscope objectives 294

2.21.4 Adaptive-selective assembly of microscope objectives 295

2.21.5 Monitoring and ensuring the target quality indices of an microscope objective 297

2.21.6 Structural composition of the assembly line 298

2.22 Providing Target Performance Indices when Automating the Assembly of Microscope Objectives 298

2.22.1 Compensating spherical aberration by virtual assembly 299

2.22.2 Compensating coma during virtual assembly 301

2.23 False Birefringence in a Polarization Microscope 304

2.24 Interferometric Quality Control of Lenses and Objectives 312

2.24.1 Interference pattern 314

2.24.2 Control of flat surface 314

2.24.3 Control of the spherical surface 316

2.24.4 Analysis of errors of the interferometry method 317

2.24.5 High-precision processing and interpretation of complex interferograms 320

2.25 Micro-interferometer MII-4 320

2.26 Light Section Microscope PSS-3 326

2.26.1 Principle of operation 327

2.26.2 Optical diagram 330

2.27 Analysis of the Problems of Optimizing the Parameters of a Microscope's Optical System 331

2.28 Development of “Micron Resolution Microscopes” for Reducing Photolithography 341

2.28.1 Potential application of the micron photolithography system 342

2.28.2 Key parameters of the reducing photolithography objects 344

2.28.3 Concept of use microscope objective in reverse ray tracing 345

2.28.3.1 Possibility of using conventional microscope objectives for reducing photolithography purposes 347

2.28.3.2 Analysis of the possibility of creating special objectives for reduction lithography 354

2.28.4 Evolution not revolution of optical designs of lithography systems 362

2.28.5 MgF2 (or LiF) þ Lyman's source 367

2.29 Building Lithography Optics by Mirrors 368

2.30 Concentric Mirror Objective Plan Anastigmat 375

2.31 Anamorphic Optics of Lighting Devices 382

References 389

Chapter 3 Principles of Constructing Microscope Optics 397

3.1 Element Base and Principles of the Composition of the Optical Systems of the Microscope 397

3.1.1 Aberrational properties of a spherical surface 397

3.1.2 Optical scheme of a microscope 402

3.1.2.1 Magnifier, a simple microscope 402

3.1.2.2 Complex microscope 404

3.2 The Relationship of the Resolution of the Image Formed by the Optical System of the Microscope, with its Parameters 409

3.2.1 The resolution of the optical system of the microscope and the useful magnification of the image formed by it 409

3.3 The Quality (Q-factor) of the Microscope Optical System 412

3.4 The System of Variable Magnification in the Scheme of the Illumination Device of the Microscope 417

3.4.1 Basic schemes of optical systems with variable magnification 417

3.4.2 The position of the optically conjugate points in variable magnification optical systems 423

3.4.3 Optical system of variable magnification in the scheme of the illumination device of the microscope 426

3.5 The Construction of Frontal Components of Objectives for Microscope: Optical Design 428

3.5.1 Lens objective for microscope: what is inside? 430

3.5.2 Autocollimation method of centering lenses 432

3.5.3 Calculation of the frontal lenses of objectives for microscopes 434

3.5.4 Optical design of the frontal lenses of microscope objectives 436

3.5.5 Mechanical design and methods of assembling the frontal lenses of microscope objectives 443

3.5.6 Frontal components of the immersion objectives 450

3.6 Optical Design and Unification of Optical Systems of Objectives for Microscopes 455

3.6.1 Basic components, unification of objective optical structures 456

3.6.2 Unification of objectives for microscopes using a parametric series of focal lengths 463

3.6.3 Unification of objectives for microscopes by variants of execution 465

3.7 An Example of the Optical and Mechanical Design of a Microscope Objective 467

3.7.1 Terms of reference for the design 467

3.7.2 Patent search 469

3.7.3 Analysis of identified analogues 469

3.7.4 Prototype selection 471

3.7.5 Brief theory and practice of calculating objectives 473

3.7.5.1 Methods for calculating microscope objectives 473

3.7.6 Aberration calculation of the prototype 475

3.7.7 Dimensional and aberration calculation of a new objective 481

3.7.8 Description of the optical scheme of the new objective 486

3.7.9 Manufacturability of microscope objectives and the principle of assigning tolerances 487

3.7.10 Image quality assessment of microscope objectives 488

3.7.10.1 Evaluation of the quality of the diffraction image of the point of the two or three glued component 490

3.7.11 Assignment of tolerances for the manufacture of optical parts 495

3.7.11.1 Spherical aberration 495

3.7.11.2 Decentering 495

3.7.12 A brief description of the mechanical structures of microscope objectives 497

3.7.13 Description of the design of the developed objective 501

3.8 An Example of the Design of a Stereo Microscope 501

3.8.1 Physiological and Geometric Factors of Stereoscopic Vision 501

3.8.2 Stereoscopic effect in microscopy 504

3.8.3 Design of a stereo microscope head 512

3.9 Polarizing Stereo Microscope MPS-2 528

3.9.1 Optical system of microscope 530

3.9.2 Microscope design: MPS-2 533

3.9.3 Work in transmitted light 536

3.9.4 Work in reflected light 537

3.9.5 Work in mixed lighting 538

3.9.6 Work with counting grids 539

3.9.7 Work with microconoscopes 539

3.9.8 Some pictures of real objects 540

3.10 Comparison Microscopes 543

3.10.1 MS-51 comparison microscope 543

3.10.2 Comparison microscope for criminalists 546

3.11 Some Useful Options for Digital Imaging Systems 548

3.12 Some Examples of Digital Imaging Systems used for Metallography 550

References 576

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Title from PDF title page (SPIE eBooks Website, viewed 2022-01-11)

Other Format:

Print version:

ISBN:

9781510639942

OCLC:

1291724465

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.