An introduction to molecular biotechnology : fundamentals, methods, and applications / edited by Michael Wink.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Wink, Michael, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biotechnology.

Genetic engineering.

Molecular biology.

Genetic Engineering.

Molecular Biology.

Cell Biology.

bioengineering.

molecular biology.

Medical Subjects:

Genetic Engineering.

Biotechnology.

Molecular Biology.

Cell Biology.

Physical Description:

xxiv, 518 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 28 cm

Edition:

Third, completely revised edition.

Place of Publication:

Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH, [2021]

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: pt. I Fundamentals of Cellular and Molecular Biology

1. The Cell as the Basic Unit of Life / Michael Wink

References

Further Reading

2. Structure and Function of Cellular Macromolecules / Michael Wink

2.1. Structure and Function of Sugars

2.2. Structure of Membrane Lipids

2.3. Structure and Function of Proteins

2.4. Structure of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

3. Structure and Functions of a Cell / Michael Wink

3.1. Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell

3.1.1. Structure and Function of the Cytoplasmic Membrane

3.1.1.1. Membrane Permeability

3.1.1.2. Transport Processes Across Biomembranes

3.1.1.3. Receptors and Signal Transduction at Biomembranes

3.1.2. Endomembrane System in a Eukaryotic Cell

3.1.3. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

3.1.4. Cytoplasm

3.1.5. Cytoskeleton

3.1.6. Cell Walls

3.2. Structure of Bacteria

3.3. Structure of Viruses

3.4. Differentiation of Cells

3.5. Cell Death

4. Biosynthesis and Function of Macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and Proteins) / Michael Wink

4.1. Genomes, Chromosomes, and Replication

4.1.1. Genome Size

4.1.2. Composition and Function of Chromosomes

4.1.3. Mitosis and Meiosis

4.1.4. Replication

4.1.5. Mutations and Repair Mechanisms

4.2. Transcription: From Gene to Protein

4.3. Protein Biosynthesis (Translation)

5. Distributing Proteins in the Cell (Protein Sorting) / Michael Wink

5.1. Import and Export of Proteins via the Nuclear Pore

5.2. Import of Proteins in Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

5.3. Protein Transport into the Endoplasmic Reticulum

5.4. Vesicle Transport from the ER via the Golgi Apparatus to the Cytoplasmic Membrane

6. Evolution and Diversity of Organisms / Michael Wink

6.1. Prokaryotes

6.2. Eukaryotes

pt. II Standard Methods in Molecular Biotechnology

7. Isolation and Purification of Proteins / Thomas Wieland

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Producing a Protein Extract

7.3. Gel Electrophoretic Separation Methods

7.3.1. Principles of Electrophoresis

7.3.2. Native Gel Electrophoresis

7.3.3. Discontinuous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)

7.3.4. Two-Dimensional (2D) Gel Electrophoresis and Isoelectric Focusing (IEF)

7.3.5. Detecting Proteins in Gels

7.4. Methods of Protein Precipitation

7.5. Column Chromatography Methods

7.5.1. General Principles of Separation

7.5.1.1. Size Exclusion Chromatography (Gel Filtration)

7.5.1.2. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

7.5.1.3. Ion Exchange Chromatography

7.5.1.4. Hydroxyapatite Chromatography

7.5.2. Group-Specific Separation Techniques

7.5.2.1. Chromatography on Protein A or Protein G

7.5.2.2. Chromatography on Cibacron Blue (Blue Gel)

7.5.2.3. Chromatography on Lectins

7.5.2.4. Chromatography on Heparin

7.5.3. Purification of Recombinant Fusion Proteins

7.5.3.1. Chromatography on Chelating Agents

7.5.3.2. Chromatography on Glutathione Matrices

7.6. Examples

7.6.1. Example 1: Purification of Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase from the Cytosol of Bovine Retina Rod Cells

7.6.2. Example 2: Purification of Recombinant His6-RGS16 After Expression in E. coli

8. Mass Spectrometry and Applications in Proteomics and Microbial Identification / Wolf D. Lehmann

8.1. Principles of ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry

8.2. Instrumental Setup

8.3. Intact Protein Analysis

8.3.1. Protein Digestion

8.3.2. Peptide Fragmentation

8.3.3. Protein Identification with MS/MS Spectra

8.4. Protein and Proteome Quantification

8.4.1. Label-Free Quantification

8.4.2. Chemical Stable Isotope Labeling

8.4.3. Metabolic Stable Isotope Labeling

8.5. Protein-Protein Interaction Analysis

8.6. Analysis of Posttranslational Modifications

8.7. Microbial Identification and Resistance Detection

9. Isolation of DNA and RNA / Hans Weiher

9.1. Introduction

9.2. DNA Isolation

9.3. RNA Isolation

9.3.1. Enrichment of mRNA

Reference

10. Chromatography and Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids / Hans Weiher

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Chromatographic Separation of Nucleic Acids

10.3. Electrophoresis

10.3.1. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: Submarine Electrophoresis

10.3.2. Pulsed-Field Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

10.3.3. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)

11. Hybridization of Nucleic Acids / Hans Weiher

11.1. Significance of Base Pairing

11.2. Experimental Hybridization: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control

11.3. Analytical Techniques

11.3.1. Clone Detection, Southern Blotting, Northern Blotting, and Gene Diagnosis

11.3.2. Systematic Gene Diagnosis and Expression Screening Based on Gene Arrays

11.3.3. In Situ Hybridization

12. Use of Enzymes in the Modification of Nucleic Acids / Michael Wink

12.1. Restriction Enzymes (Restriction Endonucleases)

12.2. Ligases

12.3. Methyltransferases

12.4. DNA Polymerases

12.5. RNA Polymerases and Reverse Transcriptase

12.6. Nucleases

12.7. T4 Polynucleotide Kinase

12.8. Phosphatases

13. Polymerase Chain Reaction / Hans Weiher

13.1. Introduction

13.2. PCR Methods

13.2.1. Basic Principle

13.2.2. Primer Design and Hot Start PCR

13.2.3. Multiplex PCR

13.2.4. RT-PCR

13.2.5. Qualitative Analysis of the PCR Products

13.3. PCR as a Quantitative Method

13.3.1. PCR Phases and PCR Efficiency

13.3.2. Quantitative Real-Time PCR

13.3.3. Digital PCR

13.4. Areas of Application

13.4.1. Genome Analysis

13.4.2. Cloning Techniques

13.4.3. Gene Expression Studies

14. DNA Sequencing / Hans Weiher

14.1. Introduction

14.2. The Sanger Method

14.3. Pyrosequencing

14.4. Second-Generation Sequencing: Illumina and Ion Torrent

14.4.1. Overview

14.4.2. The Illumina Sequencing System

14.4.3. The Ion Torrent Sequencing System

14.5. Third-Generation Sequencing Techniques

14.5.1. Overview

14.5.2. SMRT Sequencing

14.5.3. Nanopore Sequencing

14.6. The Impact of the DNA Sequencing Technology

Websites

15. Cloning Procedures / Susanne Lutz

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Construction of Recombinant Vectors

15.2.1. Insert

15.2.2. Vector

15.2.3. Essential Components of Vectors

15.2.3.1. Bacterial Origin of Replication (ori)

15.2.3.2. Antibiotic Resistance

15.2.3.3. Polylinkers

15.2.4. Cloning Using Recombination Systems

15.2.5. Further Components of Vectors for Prokaryotic Expression Systems

15.2.5.1. Promoter

15.2.5.2. Ribosome-Binding Site

15.2.5.3. Termination Sequence

15.2.5.4. Fusion Sequence

15.2.6. Further Components of Eukaryotic Expression Vectors

15.2.6.1. Eukaryotic Expression Vectors: Yeast

15.2.6.2. Eukaryotic Expression Vectors for Mammal Cells

15.2.6.3. Viral Expression Systems for Mammalian Cells

15.2.7. Nonviral Introduction of Heterologous DNA to Host Organisms (Transformation, Transfection)

15.2.7.1. Transformation of Prokaryotes

15.2.7.2. Transformation of Yeast Cells

15.2.7.3. Transfection of Mammal Cells

16. Expression of Recombinant Proteins / Thomas Wieland

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Host Organisms

16.2.1. Expression in E. coli

16.2.2. Expression in Yeasts

16.2.3. Expression in Insect Cells

16.2.3.1. Expression Based on Recombinant Baculoviruses

16.2.3.2. Expression of Proteins in Stably Transfected Insect Cells

16.2.4. Expression of Proteins in Mammalian Cells

16.3. Expression in Cell-Free Systems

16.3.1. Expression of Proteins in Reticulocyte Lysates

16.3.2. Protein Expression Using E. coli Extracts

17. Patch Clamp Method / Robert Kraft

17.1. Ion Channels

17.2. Technical Requirements of the Patch Clamp Method

17.3. Patch Clamp Configurations

17. A Applications of the Patch Clamp Method

18. Cell Cycle Analysis / Stefan Wolfl

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Analyzing the Cell Cycle

18.3. Experimental Analysis of the Cell Cycle

18.3.1. Preparing Synchronized Cell Cultures of S. cerevisiae

18.3.1.1. Centrifugal Elutriation

18.3.1.2. Cell Cycle Arrest Using ot-Factor

18.3.2. Identification of Cell Cycle Stages

18.3.2.1. Budding Index

18.3.2.2. Fluorescent Staining of the Nucleus

18.3.2.3. Detection of Cell Cycle Phases Using Fluorescent Proteins as Reporters

Acknowledgments

19. Microscopic Techniques / Stephan Diekmann

19.1. Introduction

19.2. Electron Microscopy

19.2.1. Cryo-electron Microscopy

19.2.2. Electron Tomography

19.3. Atomic or Scanning Force Microscopy

19.3.1. Force Spectroscopy

19.3.2. Advantages and Disadvantages

19. A Light Microscopy

19.4.1. Deconvolution

19.4.2. Confocal Microscopy

19.4.3. Why Fluorescence?

19.4.4. Nanoscopy

19.5. Microscopy in the Living Cell

Contents note continued: 19.5.1. Analysis of Fluorescently Labeled Proteins In Vivo

19.5.2. Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

19.5.3. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

19.5.4. Forster Resonance Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

19.5.5. Single-Molecule Fluorescence

20. Laser Applications / Rainer Fink

20.1. Laser Development: A Historical Perspective

20.2. Types of Lasers and Setups

20.3. Properties of Laser Radiation

20.4. Applications

20.4.1. Laser Scanning Microscopy

20.4.2. Optical Tweezers

20.4.3. Laser Microdissection and Laser Therapy

20.4.4. Manufacturing of Products in Medical Technology and Biotechnology Products

pt. III Key Topics

21. Sequencing the Universe of Life / Stefan Wiemann

21.1. What to Sequence?

21.1.1. Whole-Genome Sequencing

21.1.2. Exome Sequencing

21.1.3. (Gene) Panel Sequencing

21.1.4. RNA Sequencing

21.1.4.1. Tag- vs. Full-Length Sequencing

21.1.4.2. Sequencing of RNA Species and Modifications

21.1.4.3. Sequencing of Single Cells

21.1.4.4. In Situ Sequencing

21.1.5. (Whole-Genome) Bisulfite Sequencing of DNA

21.1.6. Sequencing to Characterize Chromatin Structure and Beyond

21.2. Sequencing Projects: Human

21.2.1. Initial Sequencing of the Human Genome

21.2.2. The 1000 Genomes Project: Assessing Natural Variation

21.2.3. Screening for Genetic Disease

21.2.4. Sequencing of Populations

21.2.5. TCGA and ICGC: Screening for Cancer Driver Mutations

21.3. Sequencing Other Species, Environments

21.4. Sequencing in the Clinics: Personalizing Oncology

21.5. Sequencing in the Private Sector: Direct to Consumer Testing (DTC)

21.6. The Information Content of a Genome Sequence and Ethical Consequences

22. Cellular Systems Biology / Rainer Konig

22.1. Introduction

22.2. Analysis of Cellular Networks by Top-Down Approaches

22.2.1. Motivation

22.2.2. Definitions and Construction of the Networks

22.2.3. Gene Set Enrichment Tests

22.2. A Inferring Gene Regulators Employing Gene Regulatory Models

22.2.5. Network Descriptors

22.2.5.1. Scale-Free Networks

22.2.5.2. Centrality

22.2.5.3. The Clustering Coefficient

22.2.6. Detecting Essential Enzymes with a Machine Learning Approach

22.2.7. Elementary Flux Modes

22.3. Overview over Bottom-Up Modeling of Biochemical Networks

22.3.1. Motivation

22.3.2. Choosing Model Complexity and Model Building

22.3.3. Model Simulation

22.3.4. Model Calibration

22.3.5. Model Verification and Analysis

22.3.6. Examples

23. Protein-Protein and Protein-DNA Interactions / Ehmke Pohl

23.1. Protein-Protein Interactions

23.1.1. Classification and Specificity: Protein Domains

23.1.2. Protein Networks and Complexes

23.1.3. Structural Properties of Interacting Proteins

23.1.4. Which Forces Mediate Protein-Protein Interactions?

23.1.4.1. Thermodynamics

23.1.4.2. Energetics

23.1.5. Methods to Examine Protein-Protein Interactions

23.1.6. Theoretical Prediction of Protein-Protein Interactions

23.1.7. Regulation of Protein-Protein Interactions

23.1.8. Biotechnological and Medical Applications of Protein-Protein Interactions

23.2. Protein-DNA Interactions

23.2.1. Specific Protein-DNA Interaction

23.2.2. Thermodynamic Consideration

23.2.3. Methods to Study Protein-DNA Interactions

23.2.3.1. Structural Classification of Protein-DNA Complexes

23.2.4. Regulatory Networks and System Biology

23.2.5. Medical Importance of Protein-DNA Interactions

23.2.6. Biotechnological Applications

24. Bioinformatics / Benedikt Brors

24.1. Introduction

24.2. Data Sources

24.2.1. Primary Databases: EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ, PIR, and Swiss-Prot

24.2.2. Genome Databases: Ensembl and GoldenPath

24.2.3. Motif Databases: BLOCKS, PROSITE, Pfam, ProDom, and SMART

24.2.4. Molecular Structure Databases: PDB and SCOP

24.2.5. Transcriptome Databases: SAGE, ArrayExpress, and GEO

24.2.6. Reference Databases: PubMed, OMIM, and GeneCards

24.2.7. Pathway Databases and Gene Ontology

24.3. Sequence Analysis

24.3.1. Kyte-Doolittle Plot, Helical Wheel Analysis, and Signal Sequence Analysis

24.3.2. Pairwise Alignment

24.3.2.1. Local/Global

24.3.2.2. Optimal/Heuristic

24.3.3. Alignment Statistics

24.3.4. Multiple Alignment

24.4. Evolutionary Bioinformatics

24.4.1. Statistical Models of Evolution

24.4.2. Relation to Score Matrices

24.4.3. Phylogenetic Analysis

24.5. Gene Prediction

24.5.1. Neural Networks or HMMs Based on Hexanucleotide Composition

24.5.2. Comparison with Expressed Sequence Tags or Other Genomes (Fugu, Mouse)

24.6. Bioinformatics in Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis

24.6.1. Preprocessing and Normalization

24.6.2. Feature Selection

24.6.3. Similarity Measures: Euclidean Distance, Correlation, Manhattan Distance, Mahalanobis Distance, and Entropy Measures

24.6.4. Unsupervised Learning Procedures: Clustering, Principal Component Analysis, Multidimensional Scaling, and Correspondence Analysis

24.6.5. Supervised Learning Procedures: Linear Discriminant Analysis, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, and ANNs

24.6.6. Analysis of Overrepresentation of Functional Categories

24.7. Analysis of Ultraparallel Sequencing Data

24.7.1. Mapping of Ultraparallel Sequencing Data

24.7.2. Genome (Re-)sequencing

24.7.3. Transcriptome Sequencing

24.7.4. ChlP-seq

24.7.5. Epigenetic Analysis

24.7.6. Single-Cell Analysis

24.7.7. Bioethics of Human Sequencing Data

24.8. Bioinformatic Software

25. Drug Research / Michael Wink

25.1. Introduction

25.2. Active Compounds and Their Targets

25.2.1. Identification of Potential Targets in the Human Genome

25.2.2. Comparative Genome Analysis

25.2.3. Experimental Target Identification: In Vitro Methods

25.2.4. Experimental Identification of Targets: Model Organisms

25.2.5. Experimental Target Identification in Humans

25.2.6. Difference Between Target Candidates and Genuine Targets

25.2.7. Biologicals

25.2.8. DNA and RNA in New Therapeutic Approaches

25.2.9. Patent Protection for Targets

25.2.10. Compound Libraries as a Source of Drug Discovery

25.2.11. High-Throughput Screening

25.2.12. High-Quality Paramounts in Screening Assays

25.2.13. Virtual Ligand Screening

25.2.14. Activity of Drugs Described in Terms of Efficacy and Potency

25.2.15. Chemical Optimization of Lead Structures

25.3. Preclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

25. A Clinical Development

25.5. Clinical Testing

26. Drug Targeting and Prodrugs / Gert Fricker

26.1. Drug Targeting

26.1.1. Passive Targeting by Exploiting Special Physiological Properties of the Target Tissue

26.1.2. Physical Targeting

26.1.3. Active Targeting

26.1. A Cellular Carrier Systems

26.2. Prodrugs

26.2.1. Prodrugs to Improve Drug Solubility

26.2.2. Prodrugs to Increase Stability

26.3. Penetration of Drugs Through Biological Membranes

26. A Prodrugs to Extend Duration of Effect

26.5. Prodrugs for the Targeted Release of a Drug

26.6. Prodrugs to Minimize Side Effects

27. Molecular Diagnostics in Medicine / Reinhard Cessner

27.1. Introduction

27.2. Uses of Molecular Diagnostics

27.2.1. Introduction

27.2.2. Monogenic and Polygenic Diseases

27.2.3. Individual Variability in the Genome: Forensics

27.2.4. Individual Variability in the Genome: HLA Typing

27.2.5. Individual Variability in the Genome: Pharmacogenomics

27.2.6. Individual Variability in the Genome: Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases

27.2.7. Viral Diagnosis

27.2.8. Microbial Diagnosis and Resistance Diagnosis

27.3. Which Molecular Variations Should be Detected

27.3.1. Point Mutations

27.3.2. Insertions and Deletions

27.3.3. Nucleotide Repeats

27.3.4. Deletion or Duplication of Genes

27.3.5. Recombination Between Chromosomes

27.3.6. Epigenetic Changes

27.4. Molecular Diagnostic Methods

27.4.1. DNA/RNA Purification

27.4.2. Detection of Target Sequence and Known Sequence Variations

27.4.2.1. Nucleic Acid Tests

27.4.2.2. Quantitative PCR

27.4.2.3. Multiplexing of Nucleic Acid Detection: Nucleic Acid Microarrays

27.4.2.4. Production and Manufacture of Microarrays

27.4.2.5. Applications of Fragment Length Analysis

27.4.2.6. Minisequencing

27.4.2.7. Determination of Unknown Mutations

27.5. Oudook

Historic Article: "News & Views"

Reviews

Web Link

Textbooks

28. Recombinant Antibodies and Phage Display / Stefan Dubel

28.1. Introduction

28.2. Generation of Specific Recombinant Antibodies

28.2.1. Generation of Antibody Gene Libraries

28.2.2. Selection Systems for Recombinant Antibodies

28.2.2.1. Transgenic Mice with Human IgG Genes

28.2.2.2. In Vitro Selection Systems

28.3. Production and Purification of Recombinant Antibodies

28.4. Features and Applications of Recombinant Antibodies

28.4.1. Advantages of Recombinant Antibodies

28.4.2. Formats and Applications of Recombinant Antibodies

Contents note continued: 28.4.2.1. Camelid Antibodies and VH Domains

28.4.2.2. scFvanddsFv

28.4.2.3. scFv-Fc Fusions, Fc Engineering, and the Addition of Constant Domains

28.4.2.4. IgG, Fusion Proteins, and Derivatives for Therapy

28.4.2.5. Bispecific Antibodies

28.4.2.6. Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs)

28.4.3. The Future of Therapeutic Antibodies

28.4.4. Research and In Vitro Diagnostics

28.4.5. Intracellular and Cell-Penetrating Antibodies

28.5. Outlook

29. Genetically Modified Mice and Their Impact in Medical Research / Mazahir T. Hasan

29.1. Overview

29.2. Transgenic Mice

29.2.1. Retroviral Infection

29.2.2. Pronuclear Injection

29.3. Homologous Recombination: Knockout (Knock-In) Mice

29.4. Endonuclease-Based Knockout Mice

29.5. Endonuclease-Based Knock-In Mice

29.6. Conditionally Regulated Gene Expression

29.7. Gene Transfer to Subpopulations of Cells

29.7.1. Electroporation of Mouse Embryos (Plasmid DNA)

29.7.2. Virus-Mediated Gene Transfer (Lentivirus, rAAVs)

29.7.3. Virus-Mediated Gene Deletion (Cre/lox)

29.7.4. Virus-Mediated Gene Knockdown (shRNA, Antagomirs)

29.8. Impact of Genetically Modified Mice in Biomedicine

29.8.1. Alzheimer's Disease

29.8.2. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

29.8.3. Psychological and Cognitive Disorders

29.8.4. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

29.8.5. Chemogenetics, Optogenetics, and Magnetogenetics

29.9. Outiook

30. Plant Biotechnology / Rudiger Hell

30.1. Introduction

30.1.1. Green Genetic Engineering: A New Method Toward Traditional Goals

30.1.2. Challenges in Plant Biotechnology

30.2. Gene Expression Control and Genome Editing

30.2.1. Gene Expression Control

30.2.2. Genome Editing

30.3. Production of Transgenic Plants

30.3.1. Transformation Systems

30.3.1.1. Agrobacterium as a Natural Transformation System

30.3.1.2. Biolistic Method: Gene Gun

30.3.1.3. Plastid Transformation

30.3.1.4. Viral Systems

30.4. Selection of Transformed Plant Cells

30.4.1. Requirements for an Optimal Selection Marker System

30.4.2. Negative Selection Marker Systems

30.4.3. Positive Selection Marker Systems

30.4.4. Selection Systems, Genetic Engineering Safety, and Marker-Free Plants

30.5. Regeneration of Transgenic Plants

30.5.1. Regeneration Procedures

30.5.2. Composition of Regeneration Media

30.6. Plant Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Genetically Engineered Plants

30.6.1. DNA and RNA Verification

30.6.2. Protein Analysis

30.6.3. Genetic and Molecular Maps

30.6.4. Stability of Transgenic Plants

31. Biocatalysis in the Chemical Industry / Bernhard Hauer

31.1. Introduction

31.2. Bioconversion/Enzymatic Procedures

31.3. Development of an Enzyme for Industrial Biocatalysis

31.3.1. Identification of Novel Biocatalysts

31.3.2. Improvement of Biocatalysts

31.3.3. Production of Biocatalysts

31.3.4. Oudook

31.3.5. Case Study 1: Screening for New Nitrilases

31.3.6. Case Study 2: Use of Known Enzymes for New Reactions: Lipases for the Production of Optically Active Amines and Alcohols

31.3.7. Case Study 3: Enzyme Optimization with Rational and Evolutive Methods

31.4. Fermentative Procedures

31.4.1. Improvement of Fermentation Processes

31.4.2. Classical Strain Optimization

31.4.3. Metabolic Engineering

31.4.4. Case Study 4: Fermentative Production of w-Butanol

31.4.5. Case Study 5: Production of Glutamic Acid with C. glutamicum

31.4.5.1. Molecular Mechanism of Glutamate Overproduction

31.4.6. Case Study 6: Production of Lysine with C. glutamicum

31.4.6.1. Molecular Mechanism of Lysine Biosynthesis

31.4.6.2. Deregulation of the Key Enzyme Aspartate Kinase

31.4.7. Genomic Research and Functional Genomics

31.4.8. Case Study 7: Fermentative Penicillin Production

31.4.9. Case Study 8: Vitamin B2 Production

31.4.9.1. Riboflavin Biosynthesis

31.4.9.2. Classical Strain Development

pt. IV Biotechnology in Industry

32. Industrial Application: Biotech Industry, Markets, and Opportunities / Julia Schuler

32.1. Historical Overview and Definitions of Concepts

32.2. Areas of Industrial Application of Molecular Biotechnology

32.2.1. Red Biotechnology

32.2.1.1. Biopharmaceutical Drug Development

32.2.1.2. Gene and Cell Therapy

32.2.1.3. Tissue Engineering/Regenerative Medicine

32.2.1.4. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine

32.2.1.5. Molecular Diagnostic Agents

32.2.1.6. Systems Biology

32.2.1.7. Synthetic Biology

32.2.2. Green Biotechnology

32.2.2.1. Transgenic Plants

32.2.2.2. Genomic Approaches in Green Biotechnology

32.2.2.3. Novel Food and Functional Food

32.2.2.4. Livestock Breeding

32.2.3. White Biotechnology

32.3. Status Quo of the Biotech Industry Worldwide

32.3.1. Global Overview

32.3.2. United States

32.3.3. Europe

33. Patents in the Molecular Biotechnology Industry: Legal and Ethical Issues / David Resnik

33.1. Patent Law

33.1.1. What is a Patent?

33.1.2. How Does One Obtain a Patent?

33.1.3. What is the Proper Subject Matter for a Patent?

33.1.4. Types of Patents in Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology

33.1.5. Patent Infringement

33.1.6. International Patent Law

33.2. Ethical and Policy Issues in Biotechnology Patents

33.2.1. No Patents on Nature

33.2.2. Threats to Human Dignity

33.2.3. Problems with Access to Technology

33.2.4. Benefit Sharing

33.3. Conclusions

34. Drug Approval in the European Union and United States / Gary Walsh

34.1. Introduction

34.2. Regulation Within the European Union

34.2.1. The EU Regulatory Framework

34.2.2. The EMA and National Competent Authorities

34.2.3. New Drug Approval Routes

34.2.3.1. The Centralized Procedure

34.2.3.2. Decentralized Procedure and Mutual Recognition

34.3. Regulation in the United States

34.3.1. CDER and CBER

34.3.2. The Approvals Procedure

34.4. The Advent and Regulation of Biosimilars

34.5. International Regulatory Harmonization

35. Emergence of a Biotechnology Industry / Claus Kremoser

36. The 101 of Founding a Biotech Company / Michael Wink

36.1. First Steps Toward Your Own Company

36.2. Employees: Recruitment, Remuneration, and Participation

37. Marketing / Michael Wink

37.1. Introduction

37.2. What Types of Deals Are Possible?

37.3. What Milestone or License Fees Are Effectively Paid in a Biotech/Pharma Cooperation?

37. A PR and IR in Biotech Companies

Websites.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9783527344147

3527344144

OCLC:

1057233444

Publisher Number:

99990663521