Electronic sensor design principles / Marco Tartagni.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Tartagni, Marco, 1962- author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Detectors--Design and construction.

Detectors.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xvii, 629 pages) : digital, PDF file(s).

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2021.

Summary:

Get up to speed with the fundamentals of electronic sensor design with this comprehensive guide, and discover powerful techniques to reduce the overall design timeline for your specific applications. Includes a step-by-step introduction to a generalized information-centric approach for designing electronic sensors, demonstrating universally applicable practical approaches to speed up the design process. Features detailed coverage of all the tools necessary for effective characterization and organization of the design process, improving overall process efficiency. Provides a coherent and rigorous theoretical framework for understanding the fundamentals of sensor design, to encourage an intuitive understanding of sensor design requirements. Emphasising an integrated interdisciplinary approach throughout, this is an essential tool for professional engineers and graduate students keen to improve their understanding of cutting-edge electronic sensor design.

Contents:

Cover

Half-title page

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Contents

Preface

Part I Fundamentals

1 Introduction

1.1 Sensing as a Cognitive Process

1.2 Aiming at a General Definition of Electronic Sensors

1.2.1 Signals and Information

1.2.2 The Simplest Case of an Analog-to-Digital Interface

1.2.3 The Role of Errors

1.3 Essential Building Blocks of Electronic Sensors

1.4 At the Origin of Uncertainty: Thermal Agitation

1.5 Basic Constraints of Electronic Sensor Design

Further Reading

2 Sensor Modeling and Characterization

2.1 Signals

2.2 The Sensor Interface: The Deterministic Model

2.3 Quasistatic Ideal Characteristic and Sensitivity

2.4 Signal Characterization

2.4.1 Limits of the Quasistatic Characteristic and Frequency Domain Representation

2.4.2 Energetic Properties of Signals

2.5 Time and Amplitude Quantization

2.6 Sensor Acquisition Chains and Sensor Taxonomy

2.7 Deviations from Ideality: The Real Characteristic and Saturation

2.8 Deviations from Ideality: Errors

2.8.1 The Input−Output Duality of a Single Error

2.8.2 Merge of Deterministic and Stochastic Models

2.8.3 Estimation and Effects of Averaging

2.8.4 Systematic Errors Due to Nonlinearity (Distortion)

2.8.5 Characterization of Random and Systematic Errors by Distributions

2.8.6 Energy Properties of Random Signals

2.9 Input-Output Relationships for Random Error Distributions

2.9.1 Concept of Input-Referred Resolution Due to Random Errors

2.9.2 Concept of Uncertainty and Its Relationship with Resolution

2.9.3 Discretization of the Measurement Using Resolution Levels in the Analog Domain

2.10 Systematic Errors Due to Nonlinearity: The DC Approach

2.11 Generalized Uncertainty and the Law of Propagation of Errors

2.12 Comparing Signals with Errors in Power.

2.12.1 The Signal-to-Noise Ratio

2.12.2 The Concept of Dynamic Range

2.12.3 Is Dynamic Range the Maximum Signal-to-Noise Ratio?

2.12.4 Relationship Between Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Dynamic Range for Defined Operating Ranges

2.13 Systematic Errors Due to Nonlinearity: The AC Approach

2.14 The Quantization Process

2.14.1 Composition of Random and Quantization Noise and Dithering

2.14.2 DC Resolution in A/D Converters

2.14.3 AC Characterization of A/D Converters by Effective Number of Bits

2.14.4 Relationship Between Resolution and Effective Number of Bits

2.15 Precision, Accuracy, and Trueness

2.15.1 Relationship Between Precision, Accuracy, and Dynamic Range for Defined Operating Range

2.15.2 Inaccuracy Plots

2.15.3 Analysis of Interface and A/D Converter Chains

2.15.4 Design of the Interface with an A/D System

2.16 Appendix: Mean and Variance in Different Contexts

3 Sensor Design Optimization and Tradeoffs

3.1 Reduction of Random Errors by Averaging

3.2 Reduction of Systematic Errors

3.2.1 Feedback Sensing

3.2.2 Dummy Differential Sensing

3.2.3 Electronic Calibration

3.3 The Role of Information in Sensor Acquisition Chains

3.4 Resolution in Acquisition Chains

3.4.1 Gain and Resolution

3.4.2 The Resolution Rule in Acquisition Chains

3.4.3 Approach and Example of Application of the Resolution Rule in Acquisition Chains

3.4.4 Optimization of the Acquisition Chain from the Resolution Point of View

3.4.5 Optimal Choice of the A/D Converter

3.5 Sampling, Undersampling, Oversampling, and Aliasing Filters

3.5.1 Oversampling and Quantization

3.5.2 Oversampling and Undersampling of White Noise

3.5.3 Oversampling and Downsampling of Signals and Noise

3.6 Power, Resolution, and Bandwidth Tradeoffs in Sensing

3.6.1 The Role of Time.

3.6.2 The Role of Power

3.6.3 The Role of the Dynamic Range

3.6.4 Putting It All Together

3.6.5 Beyond Thermal Noise Limited Figures of Merit

3.6.6 The Role of Bandwidth in Acquisition Chains and Overall Optimization

3.6.7 Example: Noise Optimization in a Two-Stage Sensor Interface

3.6.8 On the Role of the Sensitivity

3.7 General Rules for Sensing Design

4 Overview of Mathematical Tools

4.1 Deterministic and Random Signals

4.1.1 Characterization of Electrical Deterministic Signals

4.1.2 Characterization of Random Signals

4.2 Random Processes

4.3 Concept of Ergodicity

4.4 Convergence of Concepts Between Deterministic and Random Variables

4.5 Low-Pass Filtering of White Noise

4.6 The Equivalent Noise Bandwidth

4.7 Sum/Subtraction of Random Signals

4.8 Physical Interpretation of Cross-Spectral Density

4.9 The Lorentzian Form

4.9.1 The Squared sinc Function and Its Relationship with the Lorentzian

4.10 The Campbell and Carson Theorems

4.11 Power Spectral Density and Noise Density Notations

4.12 The Sampling Process

4.13 Appendix A: The Random Walk Process

4.14 Appendix B: Summary of Important Relationships

5 Compressive Sensing

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Sampling Bandlimited Signals

5.1.2 Sparse Signals

5.2 Compressive Sensing

5.2.1 Signals that are Sparse in a Transformed Domain

5.2.2 Compressive Sensing in the Presence of Noise for Compressible Signals

5.2.3 Sparse Recovery Algorithms

5.3 Summary of Compressive Sensing

5.4 Applications

5.4.1 Analog to Information Conversion

5.4.2 Compressive Sensing for Image Acquisition: Single-Pixel Camera

5.4.3 Compressive Sensing for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and for Biomedical Signal Processing Applications

References

Part II Noise and Electronic Interfaces.

6 The Origin of Noise

6.1 Thermal Noise

6.1.1 A Simplified Mechanical Model

6.1.2 Electronic Thermal Noise from the Experimental Viewpoint

6.1.3 Thermal Noise Power Spectra Density Calculation: The Nyquist Approach

6.1.4 Thermal Noise PSD Calculation Using an Energy Tank

6.1.5 The kTC Noise

6.1.6 Thermal Noise in Resistor-Capacitor Transients

6.2 Current Noise (Shot Noise)

6.2.1 Shot Noise from the Experimental Viewpoint

6.2.2 Characteristics of Current (Shot) Noise as a Poisson Process

6.2.3 Calculation of Current (Shot) Noise Power Spectral Density

6.2.4 Relationship Between Shot Noise and Thermal Noise

6.3 Noise in Optical Detectors

6.3.1 Noise Photocurrents

6.3.2 Shot Noise in Photosites

6.4 Flicker or 1/f Noise

6.4.1 The Issue of Stationary in Flicker Noise and Its Memory

6.5 The Colors of Noise

6.5.1 Autocorrelation Functions of Noises

6.6 Thermomechanical Noise

6.6.1 Quick Review of Second„-Order„ Systems

6.6.2 Bandwidth and Noise Bandwidth of the Bandpass Function

6.6.3 Physical Models

6.6.4 Thermomechanical Noise

6.7 Phase Noise

6.7.1 The Total Oscillator Noise

6.7.2 Characterization of Phase Noise from Total Noise from a Modulation Viewpoint

6.7.3 Jitter and Its Estimation from Phase Noise

7 Noise in Electronic Devices and Circuits

7.1 Thermal Noise Limited Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Bandwidth

7.2 Pink and White Noise Combination

7.3 Calculation of Total Noise in Linear Circuits

7.4 Input-Referred Noise in Circuits

7.5 Noise Factor and Optimal Noise Performance

7.6 Example: Noise in Junction Transistors

7.7 Example: Noise in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistors

7.8 Input-Referred Noise Representation in the Spectrum Domain

7.9 Noise in Operational Amplifier Configurations

7.9.1 Signal and Noise Gain Paths.

7.9.2 Example: Noise Calculation for an Operational Amplifier

7.9.3 Noise Efficiency Factor and Power Efficiency Factor

7.10 Capacitively Coupling Amplifier Techniques

7.10.1 Continuous-Time Techniques for Voltage Sensing

7.10.2 Continuous-Time Techniques for Current Sensing

7.10.3 Capacitively Coupling Amplifiers in Discrete-Time Techniques

7.10.4 Reset Techniques and Related Problems

7.10.5 Summary of Interface Techniques Using a Capacitively Coupling Trans-Impedance Amplifier

7.11 Noise Folding in Discrete-Time Techniques

7.11.1 Noise in Discrete-Time Capacitively Coupling Amplifiers

7.11.2 Summary of Input-Referred Noises in Common Discrete-Time Interfaces

7.11.3 Resolution Optimization of a Cascade of Amplifiers

8 Detection Techniques

8.1 From Single-Ended to Differential Architectures

8.1.1 Noise or Interference? The Advantage of the Fully Differential Approach

8.1.2 Example: Fully Differential Charge Amplifiers

8.2 Resistance Sensing

8.2.1 Ratiometric Readout

8.3 Capacitive Sensing

8.3.1 Example: Capacitive Accelerometer

8.3.2 AC Capacitive Sensing

8.4 Resistance and Capacitive Readout by Transient Techniques

8.5 Integration of a Sensing System Using a Sigma-Delta Modulator Feedback

8.5.1 The Sigma-Delta Converter Concept

8.5.2 Example: The Electrostatic Feedback Accelerator

8.6 The Correlated Double Sampling Technique

8.7 The Lock-In Technique

8.8 Oscillator-Based Sensing

8.8.1 Time-to-Digital Conversion Sensing

8.8.2 Frequency-to-Digital Conversion Sensing

8.9 Time-Based Techniques for Resistance and Capacitive Sensing

8.9.1 Relaxation Oscillator Technique

8.9.2 Bang-Bang Phase Locked Loop Sensing Technique

8.9.3 Frequency Locked Loop Sensing Technique

Part III Selected Topics on Physics of Transduction.

9 Selected Topics on Photon Transduction.

Notes:

Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 23 Dec 2021).

ISBN:

9781009038263

1009038265

9781009038461

100903846X

9781139629225

1139629220

OCLC:

1298388331