Electrophysiology : basics, modern approaches, and applications / Jürgen Rettinger, Silvia Schwarz Linder, Wolfgang Schwarz.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Rettinger, Jürgen, author.

Schwarz Linder, Silvia, author.

Schwarz, W. (Wolfgang), author.

Series:

Biomedical and Life Sciences Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Electrophysiology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (225 pages)

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Cham, Switzerland : Springer, [2022]

Summary:

This updated and revised textbook presents a broad overview on topics concerning cellular electrophysiology - ranging from bioelectric phenomena recognized as far back as ancient Egypt to popular topics on the dangers of electrosmog.

Contents:

Intro

Preface

Acknowledgements

About This Book

Important Physical Units

Contents

About the Authors

Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Basic Background Knowledge

1.2 History of Electrophysiology

Take-Home Messages

References

Chapter 2: Basics Theory

2.1 Electrical Characteristics of Biological Membranes

2.2 Ion Distribution at Biological Membranes

2.3 Donnan Distribution and Nernst Equation

2.3.1 Donnan Distribution

2.3.2 Nernst Equation

2.4 Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation

Chapter 3: Basics: Methods

3.1 Recording Electrical Signals from Body Surface

3.2 The Example (ECG)

3.2.1 Electrophysiological Basics

3.2.2 Activation of the Heart Muscle

3.3 Recording Electrical Signals from Tissue

3.3.1 Intracardiac Electrograms

3.3.2 The Ussing Chamber

3.3.3 Recording from the Brain

3.3.4 Recording Extracellular Field Potentials with Multielectrode Arrays

3.4 Recording Electrical Signals from Single Cells

3.4.1 The Ag/AgCl Electrode

3.4.2 The Microelectrode

3.4.3 Ion-Selective Microelectrodes

3.4.3.1 Construction of Ion-Selective Microelectrodes

3.4.3.2 Theory of Ion-Selective Microelectrodes

3.4.4 The Carbon-Fibre Technique

3.4.4.1 Construction of Carbon-Fibre Microelectrodes

3.4.4.2 Theory of Carbon-Fibre Microelectrodes

3.4.4.3 Amperometric and Cyclic Voltammetric Measurements

3.4.5 Basics of Voltage Clamp

3.4.5.1 The Ideal Voltage Clamp

3.4.5.2 The Real Voltage Clamp

3.4.5.3 The Voltage Clamp with Two Electrodes

3.4.5.4 One-Electrode Voltage Clamp Used for the Patch-Clamp Technique

3.4.5.5 Performing Voltage Clamp

3.4.6 Noise in Electrophysiological Measurements

3.4.6.1 Thermal Noise

3.4.6.2 Shot Noise

3.4.6.3 Dielectric Noise

3.4.6.4 Digitisation Noise.

3.4.6.5 The Sampling Theorem and Aliasing Noise

3.4.6.6 Excess Noise

Chapter 4: Application of the Voltage-Clamp Technique

4.1 Different Versions of the Voltage-Clamp Technique

4.1.1 The Classic Squid Giant Axon

4.1.2 The Vaseline- or Sucrose-Gap Voltage Clamp

4.1.3 The Two-Microelectrode Voltage Clamp

4.1.4 The One-Electrode Voltage Clamp

4.1.5 The Open-Oocyte Voltage Clamp

4.2 Analysing Current Fluctuations

4.3 Analysing Transient Charge Movements (Gating Currents)

4.4 The Patch-Clamp Technique

4.4.1 Different Versions of Patch Clamp (Patch Conformations)

4.4.2 Advantages of the Different Patch Conformations

4.4.3 The Single-Channel Current and Conductance

4.4.4 The Sniffer-Patch Method

4.5 Automated Electrophysiology

4.5.1 Automated Patch Clamp

Chapter 5: Ion-Selective Channels

5.1 General Characteristics of Ion Channels

5.1.1 Selectivity of Ion Channels

5.1.2 Discrete Movement of Ions through Pores

5.2 Specific Ion Channels

5.2.1 The Na+ Channel (A Single-Ion Pore)

5.2.2 The K+ Channel (A Multi-Ion Pore)

5.2.3 The Ca2+ Channel (A Multi-Ion Pore)

5.2.4 Anion-Selective Channels

Chapter 6: Theory of Excitability

6.1 The Hodgkin-Huxley Description of Excitation

6.1.1 Experimental Basics

6.1.2 The Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) Description of Excitability

6.1.2.1 The Hypothetical Channel

6.1.2.2 The K+ Channel

6.1.2.3 The Na+ Channel

6.1.2.4 The HH Description

6.1.3 The Action Potential

6.1.3.1 Phenomenological Description

6.1.3.2 Calculation of Propagated Action Potential.

6.2 Continuous and Saltatory Spread of Action Potentials

6.2.1 The Electrotonic Potential

6.2.2 The Continuous Spread of an Action Potential.

6.2.3 The Saltatory Spread of an Action Potential

6.3 Generation and Transmission of Action Potentials

6.3.1 Generation

6.3.2 Transmission

6.4 Summary of the Different Types of Potentials

6.4.1 Surface Potential

6.5 Action Potential in Non-nerve Cells

6.5.1 Skeletal Muscle

6.5.2 Smooth Muscle

6.5.3 Heart Muscle

6.5.4 Plant Cells

Chapter 7: Carrier-Mediated Transport

7.1 General Characteristics of Carriers

7.1.1 Distinction Between Pores and Carriers

7.1.2 The Oocytes of Xenopus: A Model System

7.1.3 The Anion Exchanger

7.1.4 The Sodium Pump

7.1.4.1 Steady-State Pump Current

7.1.4.2 Transient Pump-Generated Currents

7.1.5 The Neurotransmitter Transporter GAT1

7.2 Carriers Are Like Channels with Alternating Gates

Chapter 8: Examples of Application of the Voltage-Clamp Technique

8.1 Structure-Function Relationships of Carrier Proteins

8.1.1 The Na+,K+-ATPase

8.1.2 The Na+-Dependent GABA Transporter (GAT1)

8.2 Structure-Function Relationships of Ion Channels

8.2.1 Families of Various Ion Channels

8.2.1.1 The Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (VIC) Superfamily

8.2.1.2 The Ligand-Gated Ion Channel (LIC) Family

8.2.1.3 The Chloride Channel (ClC) Family

8.2.1.4 The Gap Junction-Forming (Connexin) Family

8.2.1.5 The Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Family

8.2.1.6 Mechanosensitive Ion Channels

8.2.2 ATP-Gated Cation Channel (ACC) Family

8.2.2.1 Structure and Classification of P2X Receptors

8.2.3 Experimental Results

8.2.3.1 The P2X1 Receptor

8.2.3.2 The P2X2 Receptor

8.2.3.3 Effect of Glycosylation on P2X1 Receptor Function

8.3 Viral Ion Channels

8.3.1 The 3a Protein of SARS Coronavirus

8.3.1.1 Inhibition of 3a-Mediated Current by the Anthrachinon Emodin.

8.3.1.2 Inhibition of 3a-Mediated Current by the Kaempferol Glycoside Juglanin

8.3.2 Channel Proteins of SARS Coronavirus-2

8.3.3 The Viral Protein Unit (Vpu) of HIV-1

8.3.4 The M2 (Matrix Protein 2) of Influenza a Virus

8.3.4.1 Inhibition of M2-Mediated Current by Kaempferol Triglycoside

8.4 Electrophysiology as a Tool in Chinese Medicine Research

8.4.1 Mechanisms in Acupuncture Points

8.4.1.1 Mast-Cell Degranulation

8.4.1.2 Mast-Cell Degranulation Is Initiated by Ion-Channel Activation

8.4.2 Mechanisms in Effected Sites

8.4.2.1 Co-Expression of Neurotransmitter Transporters and δ-Opioid Receptor

8.5 Electrophysiology as a Tool in Pharmacology

8.5.1 The Na+,Ca2+ Exchanger

8.5.2 Neurotransmitter Transporters

8.5.3 Ion Channels

Chapter 9: Appendix

9.1 Influence of External Electrical and Magnetic Fields on Physiological Function

9.1.1 Magnetostatic Fields

9.1.2 Electrostatic Fields

9.1.3 Electromagnetic Fields

9.1.3.1 Low-Frequency Electric Fields (50 Hz)

9.1.3.2 High Frequency Electric Fields (kHz - GHz)

9.1.3.3 Conclusion

9.2 A Laboratory Course: Two-Electrode Voltage Clamp (TEVC)

9.2.1 Motivation

9.2.2 Background

9.2.2.1 Electrical Characteristics of Biological Membranes

The Membrane Potential

The Membrane as an Electrical Unit

Theoretical Background of Voltage Clamp

The Principle of Voltage Clamp (See Sect. 3.4.5)

Two-Electrode Voltage Clamp

9.2.3 Questions to Be Answered for the Course

9.2.4 Set-up and Basic Instructions

9.2.4.1 Experimental Set-up (See Fig. 9.6)

9.2.4.2 Preparation of Microelectrodes

9.2.4.3 Instructions for the Use of CellWorks Program for the Turbo TEC

9.2.4.4 Solutions

9.2.5 Experiments and Data Analysis

9.2.5.1 IV Characteristics

Procedure

Tasks.

9.2.5.2 Hypothesis Testing - the Paired-Sample T-Test

9.2.5.3 Determination of the Membrane Capacitance

Tasks

Index.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Other Format:

Print version: Rettinger, Jürgen Electrophysiology

ISBN:

9783030864828

3030864820

OCLC:

1302012157