International encyclopedia of transportation. Volume 1, Transport economics / editor-in-Chief, Roger Vickerman.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Vickerman, R. W. (Roger William), editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Transportation--Encyclopedias.

Transportation.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (4418 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Radarweg, [2021]

Summary:

In an increasingly globalised world, despite reductions in costs and time, transportation has become even more important as a facilitator of economic and human interaction; this is reflected in technical advances in transportation systems, increasing interest in how transportation interacts with society and the need to provide novel approaches to.

Contents:

Cover

Vol - 1 Transport Economics

Title

Copyright

Editorial Board

Editor in Chief

Section Editors

Introduction

List of contributors to volume 1

Contents of all volumes

Introduction to Transportation Economics

Transport Economics

Market Failures and Public Decision Making in the Transport Sector

1 Introduction

2 Market Failures

3 Public Decision Making

3.1 Choice of Policy Instruments by a Benevolent Planner

3.2 Choice of Policy Instruments by the Political Process

4 Conclusion

References

Further Reading

Demand for Freight Transport

Urban Economies

Freight Generation

Empirical Estimates

Conclusion

Cost Functions for Road Transport

The Concept of Cost

Fixed Versus Variable Costs

Short-Run Versus Long-Run Costs

Infrastructure, Vehicle Operation, and Personal Costs

Infrastructure Costs

Vehicle Operation Costs

Personal Costs

Internal, External, and Social Costs

Internal Costs

External Costs

Social Costs

Cost Functions

Total Cost

Average Versus Marginal Cost and the Impact of Congestion

Supply Versus Demand Equilibrium

Economies of Scale and Scope

Cost Calculation, Allocation, and Optimization

Cost Calculation

Cost Allocation

Life-Cycle Cost

Future of Urban Freight

Challenges

Population Growth

eCommerce

Safety

Health and Well Being

Consolidation

Adapting to the Digital Economy

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

City Logistics

Off-Hour Deliveries

Physical Internet

Parcel Lockers

Reservation Systems

On-Line Auctions

Shared Freight Systems

Technology Opportunities

Loading Bay Management Systems

3D Printing

Conclusions

Further Reading.

Operation Costs for Public Transport

1 Inputs for Public Transport Provision

2 The Output of Public Transportation

3 Economies of Scale, Density, and Scope

4 Efficiency, Contracts, and Regulation

Natural Monopoly in Transport

History

Formal Definition of the Natural Monopoly

Regulating a Natural Monopoly

Econometrics of Natural Monopoly

Natural Monopolies in Transports: Panorama and Case Study

Acknowledgment

Freight Costs: Air and Sea

Freight Cost Components: Air Versus Sea

Key Influential Factors of Costs

Non-Price Factors of Costs: Air Freight

Non-Price Factors of Costs: Shipping

Trip (Voyage) Cost Functions

Company-Level Cost Functions

Variables Included in the Cost Function of Cargo Airlines

Variables Included in the Cost Function of Shipping Companies

Economies of Scale and Density: Evidence From Company-Level Cost Functions

Transport Production and Cost Structure

Single Origin-Destination System

Three-Node System

Distribution From a Single Origin to Multiple Destinations

Economies of Scale

Economies of Scope

Road Freight Transport

Rail Freight Transport

Road Transport Externalities

Rail Transport Externalities

Acknowledgments

The Concept of External Cost: Marginal versus Total Cost and Internalization

External Costs: Understanding the Concept and its Use

External Costs: Graphical Analysis

External Costs: Additional Remarks

External Costs and Travel Mode Choice

External Costs and Transport-Land Use Interactions

External Costs and Labor Market Interactions

Policies for Obtaining Social Optimality with External Costs.

Internalization in Second-Best Settings

Value of Time

Microeconomic Theory-The Neoclassical Approach

Empirical Methods for Measuring Values of Time

Key Findings

Valuation of Carbon Emissions

Valuation of Travel Time Variability Using Scheduling Models

The Concept of Travel Time Variability

Microeconomic Foundation: A Simple Scheduling Model

The General Framework

The Step Model

The Slope Model

Other Specifications

Extensions of the Simple Model

Imperfect Information or Limited Rationality

Scheduled Services

Trip Chains with Multiple Activities

Time-Varying or Endogenous Travel Time Distributions

Empirical Evidence About Preferences

Stated Preference and Revealed Preference Data

The Scheduling and Reduced-Form Approaches

Application in Demand Prediction and Cost-Benefit Analysis

See Also

Value of Crowding

Physical and Behavioral Foundations

Measuring the User Cost of Crowding

Modeling Travel Disutility

Data: Declared and Revealed Preferences

Typical Empirical Estimates

Crowding in Models of Optimal Transport Supply

Concluding Remarks

What Drives Transport and Mobility Trends? The Chicken-and-Egg Problem

Trends and Drivers of Transport Demand

The Basic Four-Step Model

Sources of Endogeneity: What Generates the Chicken-and-Egg Problem?

Common Determinants and Heterogeneity

Reversed Causality and Simultaneous Decisions

Interactions Between Transport and Urban Development

Egg, Chicken, Hen and Cock, or Family Economics

Pricing Principles in the Transport Sector

Introduction.

First-Best Pricing: The Main Principles

Imperfect Pricing Instruments

Second-Best Pricing I: Uniform Pricing

Second-Best Pricing II: Not All Transport Services Can Be Priced

Only Part of a Network Can Be Priced

Not All Modes Can Be Optimally Priced

Pricing Only Freight (But Not Passenger) Transport

Pricing of Public Transport Services

Some Further Complications

Commuting Transport and the Labor Market

Distributive Issues

Long-Run Versus Short-Run Valuations

Distinguishing Between Short-Run, Medium-Run, and Long-Run Choices

Definitions

Literature

Empirical Evidence on Differences in Valuations Depending on the Temporal Scale

Implications

Discussion and Outlook

Value of Noise

Glossary

Overview of Noise Cost Valuation

Hedonic Property Value Studies of Transportation Noise

Contingent Valuation Studies of Transportation Noise

Hedonic Price and Contingent Valuation Estimates: Benefit Transfers

Using Cost Values for Policy Questions

Coming to the Nuisance: Is Transportation Noise a One-Time Cost?

Biography

Relevant Websites

The Value of Life and Health

Theory

Monetizing Safety Preferences

One-Period Model

Selected Predictions from the One-Period Model

Multiperiod Model

Empirical Methods

Revealed Preference Methods

Stated Preference Methods

The Contingent Valuation Method

Discrete Choice Experiments

Discussion

The Value of Security, Access Time, Waiting Time, and Transfers in Public Transport

Value of Walking and Waiting Times

Value of Transfer

Value of Security

Demand for Passenger Transportation

Demand Analysis in Economics

Discrete Choices

Examples

Data Sources

Activity Patterns

Nonoptimizing Behavior

Real-World Experiences of Congestion Pricing

From Theory to Practical Guidelines

Case Studies of Ongoing Congestion Pricing Schemes

Singapore Electronic Road Pricing Scheme (ERP)

London Congestion Charging Scheme

Stockholm Congestion Tax Scheme

Value-Pricing in the United States

Other Ongoing Schemes

Overview

Distributional Effects of Congestion Charges and Fuel Taxes

Methodological Questions

Should Revenue Recycling be Included in the Analysis?

Income or Expenditures as a Measure of Economic Status?

Must Behavioral Adaptation be Taken Into Account?

Must Second-Order Effects be Taken Into Account?

Two Examples

Example: Fuel Tax

Example: Congestion Pricing

A Sample of Empirical Results

The Bottleneck Model

The Basic Vickrey Bottleneck Model

Extensions and Applications

Road Pricing

Valuation of Travel Time Variability and Travel Information

Heterogeneity in Values of Time and Preferred Arrival Time

Networks

Other Application Areas

Dynamic Congestion Pricing and User Heterogeneity

Dynamic Congestion Pricing

User Heterogeneity

Determinants of Trip Costs

Real-Life Heterogeneity and Its Effects on the a, ß, and ? Parameters

Income

Trip Purpose

Further Influences on the Value of Time

User Heterogeneity in the Bottleneck Model

Further Aspects

Economics of Parking

The Economic Properties of Parking.

Parking Demand and the Generalized Cost of Transportation.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9780081026724

0081026722

OCLC:

1252429011