Cultural-historical perspectives on collective intelligence : patterns in problem solving and innovation / Rolf K. Baltzersen.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Baltzersen, Rolf K., 1974- author.

Series:

Current perspectives in social and behavioral sciences.

Current perspectives in social and behavioral sciences

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Swarm intelligence.

Human-computer interaction.

Technological innovations--Social aspects.

Technological innovations.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xviii, 448 pages) : digital, PDF file(s).

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2022.

Summary:

In the era of digital communication, collective problem solving is increasingly important. Large groups can now resolve issues together in completely different ways, which has transformed the arts, sciences, business, education, technology, and medicine. Collective intelligence is something we share with animals and is different from machine learning and artificial intelligence. To design and utilize human collective intelligence, we must understand how its problem-solving mechanisms work. From democracy in ancient Athens, through the invention of the printing press, to COVID-19, this book analyzes how humans developed the ability to find solutions together. This wide-ranging, thought-provoking book is a game-changer for those working strategically with collective problem solving within organizations and using a variety of innovative methods. It sheds light on how humans work effectively alongside machines to confront challenges that are more urgent than what humanity has faced before. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Contents:

Cover

Half-title

Series information

Title page

Copyright information

Dedication

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Chapter 1 What Is Collective Intelligence?

1.1 The Need for New Types of Collective Problem Solving

1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on CI

1.2.1 A General Group Intelligence Factor

1.2.2 Self-Organization

1.2.3 The Role of Diversity

1.2.3.1 The Many Wrongs Principle

1.2.3.2 The Many Eyes Principle

1.3 Top Solvers in Online Innovation Teams

1.4 A Cultural-Historical Perspective on CI

1.5 The Methodological Steps

1.5.1 Step 1: Review Current CI Practices

1.5.2 Step 2: Identifying CI as Three Types of Collective Problem Solving

1.5.3 Step 3: A Historical Analysis of the Problem-Solving Types

1.5.4 Step 4: Design of CI

Chapter 2 Crowdsourcing

2.1 What Is Crowdsourcing?

2.2 Online Innovation Contests

2.2.1 Background

2.2.2 The IdeaRally: Rapid Problem Solving in Large Groups

2.2.3 The Climate CoLab: Transparent Innovation Contests

2.3 Online Citizen Science

2.3.1 Zooniverse: Online Citizen Science Platforms

2.3.2 FoldIt: Citizen Science Games

2.4 Summary

2.4.1 Crowdsourcing Skills

2.4.2 Design of Crowdsourcing

Note

Chapter 3 Open Online Knowledge Sharing

3.1 Background

3.2 Open Sharing of Scientific Knowledge

3.2.1 OpenAccess Publishing

3.2.2 Open Database Projects

3.2.3 Open Textbooks

3.2.4 Wikipedia

3.2.5 The Polymath Project

3.2.6 Galaxy Zoo Quench

3.3 Open Sharing of Practical Knowledge

3.3.1 Open Sharing of Videos

3.3.2 Open Sharing of Geographical Resources

3.3.3 Open Sharing of Corporate Knowledge

3.3.4 Open Sharing of Political Arguments

3.4 Summary

Chapter 4 Human Swarm Problem Solving

4.1 Background

4.2 Decision Threshold Methods.

4.2.1 Quorum Decisions as Swarm Problem Solving among Animals

4.2.2 Human Quorum Response as Swarm Problem Solving

4.2.3 Majority Decisions

Voter Competence

Voter Independence

Majority Decisions among Animals

4.3 Averaging

4.3.1 Averaging as Swarm Problem Solving in Animals

4.3.2 Human Averaging as Swarm Problem Solving

4.4 Large Gatherings

4.4.1 Large Gatherings as Swarm Problem Solving among Animals

4.4.2 Large Gatherings as Human Swarm Problem Solving

Deliberative Polling

Hackathons

Swarm Platforms

4.5 Heterogeneous Social Interaction

4.5.1 Heterogeneous Social Interaction in Animal Swarm Problem Solving

4.5.2 Human Heterogeneous Social Interaction as Human Swarm Problem Solving

Decentralized Networks

Centralized Networks

The Delphi Method

4.6 Environmental Sensing

4.6.1 Environmental Sensing in Animal Swarm Problem Solving

4.6.2 Human Environmental Sensing

Crowdsourcing in Disaster Management

Collecting Environmental Information in Smart Cities

4.7 What Is Human Swarm Problem Solving?

4.7.1 Predefined Problems

4.7.2 Prespecified Problem-Solving Procedures

Participant Selection

Near-Neighbor Alignment

Coordinators Enforce the Interactional Rules

Competition between Different Proposed Solutions

Prespecified Aggregation Rule

4.7.3 Rapid Time-Limited Problem Solving

Making a Decision as Fast as Possible

Short Deadlines

4.7.4 Individual Learning

4.7.5 Summary of the Basic Characteristics in Human Swarm Problem Solving

Notes

Chapter 5 The Origins of Human Swarm Problem Solving

5.1 Background

5.2 The Emergence of Group Hunting

5.3 The Emergence of Premodern Trade

5.4 Human Swarm Problem Solving in Ancient Athens

5.4.1 Maximizing Information about the Athenian Territory.

5.4.2 Heterogeneous Social Interaction through Rotation and Randomization

5.4.3 Decision Threshold Methods in the Assembly and the People's Court

Voting in the Assembly

Voting in the People's Court

5.4.4 Large Gatherings in Athens

The Assembly Meetings

The Court Meetings

Swarm Mechanisms in the Assembly and the People's Court

5.5 A Summary of Human Swarm Evolution

5.5.1 The Evolution of Synchronized Swarm Problem Solving

5.5.2 The Evolution of Pinpointed Swarm Problem Solving

Chapter 6 Human Stigmergic Problem Solving

6.1 What Is Stigmergic Problem Solving?

6.1.1 Background

6.1.2 Quantitative Stigmergy

6.1.3 Qualitative Stigmergy

6.1.4 Sematectonic Stigmergy

6.1.5 Marker-Based Stigmergy

6.1.6 Human Stigmergic Problem Solving Is Solution-Centered

6.2 Rating Complete Solutions

6.2.1 Search Engines and Collaborative Filtering

6.2.2 Different Rating Methods

6.3 Reestimating Solutions

6.4 Completing Solutions

6.5 Adapting Complete Solutions

6.5.1 Background

6.5.2 Open Textbooks

6.5.3 Internet Memes

6.6 What Is Human Stigmergic Problem Solving?

6.6.1 Solution-Centered Collective Problem Solving

6.6.2 ''Rating Complete Solutions'' as Marker-Based, Quantitative Stigmergy

6.6.3 ''Reestimating Solutions'' as Quantitative, Sematectonic Stigmergy

6.6.4 ''Completing Solutions'' as Qualitative, Sematectonic Stigmergy

6.6.5 ''Adapting Complete Solutions'' as Sematectonic, Qualitative Stigmergy

6.6.6 Improvement of Solutions as the Basis for Human Stigmergic Problem Solving

Chapter 7 The Origins of Human Stigmergic Problem Solving

7.1 Background

7.2 The Invention of Writing

7.3 The Invention of the Printing Press

7.3.1 Mass Copying of Printed Information

7.3.2 Flexible Modification of Printed Information.

The New Formats of Printed Information

Amplifying the Number of Translations

7.4 A Summary of Human Stigmergic Evolution

7.4.1 The Invention of Writing

7.4.2 The Invention of the Printing Press

7.4.3 The Invention of the Internet

Chapter 8 Collaborative Problem Solving

8.1 Background

8.2 Working Well with Others

8.2.1 Being in a Symmetrical Group Relationship

8.2.2 Interest in Meeting People Who Are Different

8.3 Cognitive Diversity

8.4 Equal Participation

8.5 Joint Coordination

8.5.1 Establishing a Shared Understanding of the Problem

8.5.2 Planning the Process

8.5.3 Staying Focused on Shared Goals

8.5.4 Ensuring the Conversational Flow

Chapter 9 The Origins of Collaborative Problem Solving

9.1 Background

9.2 Antecedents to Mutual Collaboration

9.2.1 Mutual Collaboration Originates from Gestural Communication

9.2.2 Three Communicative Motives

Requesting Help

Informing Others

Sharing Feelings

9.2.3 The Joy of Collaboration

9.3 Antecedents to Collaborative Culture

9.3.1 The Emergence of a Community of Learners

9.3.2 Equal Participation

9.4 A Summary of the Evolution of Collaborative Problem Solving

Chapter 10 Intelligent Engagement

10.1 Background

10.2 Mass Deliberation

10.2.1 Citizens' Council in Ostbelgien

10.2.2 Better Reykjavík

10.3 Mass Voting

10.4 Transparent Collective Work

10.4.1 Crowd Peer Review

10.4.2 The Icelandic Experiment

10.4.3 Crowdsourcing Bills of Law

10.5 Social Media Activism

10.6 Dysfunctional Engagement

10.7 Summary

Chapter 11 Intelligent Contributions

11.1 Background

11.2 Many Different Perspectives on the Same Work

11.3 The Golden Middle Way Is the Best Solution

11.3.1 Meeting at the Quantitative Middle Point

11.3.2 Finding a Balanced Representation of All Sides.

11.3.3 Identifying Commonalities

11.4 Searching for the Unexpected Solution

11.5 Modularizing the Tasks

11.5.1 A Modularization Strategy

11.5.2 Modularization in Strongly Interconnected Content Structures

11.5.3 Modularization in Loosely Connected Content Structures

11.6 Summary

Chapter 12 Intelligent Evaluations

12.1 Background

12.2 The Reputation Society

12.2.1 The Emergence of the Reputation Society

12.2.2 Online Reputations Moving into New Domains

12.2.3 Reputation Score Systems in Social Media

12.3 Evaluating the Collective Work

12.3.1 Shared Coordination

12.3.2 The Need for Coordinators

12.4 Institutionalizing Critical Discourse

12.4.1 The Nomothetai

12.4.2 The Citizen's Assembly in Ireland

Input Legitimacy

Throughput Legitimacy

Output Legitimacy

The Citizen's Assembly as an Intelligent Evaluation

12.4.3 Knowledge Commons

12.5 Summary

Chapter 13 COVID-19 as a Wicked Problem

13.1 Background

13.2 The Test and Trace Strategy

13.3 Effective Communication about the Pandemic

13.4 Rule Compliance

13.5 COVID-19 in a CI Perspective

13.5.1 Transparent Information

13.5.2 Citizen Responsibility

13.5.3 Collective Learning

Chapter 14 Motivation to Contribute

14.1 Background

14.2 Being Immersed

14.2.1 Being Immersed in Simple Tasks

14.2.2 Being Immersed in Complex Tasks

14.3 Being Recognized

14.4 Being Part of a Community

14.5 Learning as Motivation

14.5.1 Individual Learning as Motivation

14.5.2 Collective Learning as Motivation

14.5.3 Transformative Learning as Motivation

14.6 Economic Motivation

14.7 Making Societal Contributions

14.8 Summary

Chapter 15 The Intelligent Society

15.1 Background

15.2 Instrumentarian Intelligence

15.3 Civic Intelligence

References

Index.

Notes:

Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 03 Feb 2022).

ISBN:

9781108983617

1108983618

9781108988162

1108988164

9781108981361

1108981364

OCLC:

1251740630

Access Restriction:

Open Access. Unrestricted online access