Crossing the divide : rural to urban migration in developing countries / Robert E. B. Lucas.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lucas, Robert E. B., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Rural-urban migration--Developing countries.

Rural-urban migration.

Urbanization--Developing countries.

Urbanization.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (705 pages)

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2021.

Summary:

Crossing the Divide examines the nature, causes, and consequences of population movements between the rural and urban sectors of developing countries. Using nationally representative, micro-level data from seventy-five countries in Africa, the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Caribbean over the course of several decades, Robert E.B. Lucas provides the most comprehensive and definitive treatment of internal migration currently available.

Contents:

Cover

Crossing the Divide

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Figures

Tables

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

1. An Introduction and Preview

2. Data Sources and Issues in Measurement

2.1 Lifetime Migration

2.1.1 Defining Rural and Urban

2.1.2 Establishing the Status of the Migrant's Origin

2.2 Interim Moves

2.3 Some Comparisons of Alternative Measurement Approaches

2.3.1 Imputed Measures of Rural or Urban Birthplace

2.3.2 Comparisons across Data Sources

2.4 An Implication: Symmetry or Asymmetry in Moves between Rural and Urban Areas?

3. Country-​Specific Magnitudes of Migration between Rural and Urban Sectors

3.1 Measurement Results

3.1.1 Introducing Four Measures of Country-​Specific Migration Propensities

3.1.2 Depicting Parallels and Contrasts: A First Look

3.1.2.1 Regional Patterns

3.1.2.2 Gross versus Net Rural-​Urban Migration in Perspective

3.1.2.3 Lifetime Stocks of Migrants Relative to Recent Flows

3.1.2.4 A Digression on Rural-​Rural and Urban-​Urban Movements

3.1.2.5 The Role of Rural-​Urban Migration in Accounting for Increasing Urbanization

3.2 The Country-​Specific Contexts

3.2.1 Africa

3.2.1.1 Southern Africa

3.2.1.2 East Africa

3.2.1.3 Middle Africa

3.2.1.4 West Africa

3.2.1.5 North Africa

3.2.2 The Asia-​Pacific Region

3.2.2.1 West Asia

3.2.2.2 Central Asia

3.2.2.3 South Asia

3.2.2.4 East Asia and the Pacific Region

3.2.3 Latin America and the Caribbean

3.2.3.1 The Caribbean

3.2.3.2 Central America

3.2.3.3 South America

3.3 Closing Remarks

4. Who Migrates, Who Stays?

4.1 A Literature Summary

4.1.1 Age

4.1.2 Gender and Marital Status

4.1.3 Education

4.1.3.1 Returns to Education in Rural and Urban Areas

4.1.3.2 Selection on Education in Rural-​Urban Migration.

4.1.4 Distance and Gravity Models of Migration

4.2 New Evidence: Characterizing the Movers

4.2.1 Selection on Education

4.2.1.1 Overall Selection on Education in Rural-​Urban and Urban-​Rural Migration

4.2.1.2 Selection versus Sorting

4.2.1.3 Selection on Education Revisited

4.2.2 Gender and Marital Status

4.2.2.1 Decomposing the Gender Gap in Rural-​Urban Migration

4.2.2.2 Autonomous Rural-​Urban Migration by Women

4.2.3 Ethnicity, Language, and Religion

4.2.3.1 Tentative Generalizations

4.2.3.2 Country-​Specific Findings

4.2.3.2.1 Africa

4.2.3.2.2 Asia-​Pacific Region

4.2.3.2.3 Latin America and the Caribbean

4.2.3.3 Summing Up

4.2.4 Other Correlates

5. Economic Motives and Barriers to Internal Migration

5.1 Labor Migration: The Individualistic View

5.1.1 Toward Structural Estimation

5.1.2 Augmented Migration Equations and Underlying Factors

5.2 Family Decisions and the New Economics of Labor Migration

5.3 On Barriers to Internal Migration

5.3.1 Wealth and Access to Credit

5.3.2 Separation of Production and Off-​Farm Work in Agricultural Households

5.4 Extending the Evidence: Selection and the Returns to Migration and Staying

5.4.1 Measuring Incomes

5.4.2 Migrant Selection and Estimating Incomes of Migrants and Stayers

5.4.3 The Parameters of Income Gain

5.4.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis

5.4.4 Migration Outcomes and the Returns to Migration

6. The Roles of Social Networks

6.1 Social Networks and Internal Migration: Approaches and Limitations

6.1.1 The Diversity in Measures of Networks

6.1.2 Different Networks for Different Folks

6.1.3 Alternative Views of the Role of Networks

6.2 Gravity Models and the Dynamics of Cumulative Inertia

6.3 Urban Networks in Rural-​Urban Migration: Nationally Representative Estimates.

6.3.1 Toward Exploring Causality

6.4 Exploring Multiple Networks

6.4.1 Gendered Networks

6.4.2 Alternative Extensions

6.5 Networks at Origin

6.6 Summing Up

7. The Impermanence of Moves: Return and Onward Migration

7.1 Evidence on the Impermanence of Moves

7.1.1 Observed Patterns

7.2 Return Migration

7.2.1 Selection into Return

7.2.1.1 Some Nationally Representative Estimates: With and without Sample Section

7.2.2 Notes on the Age of Return

7.2.3 Returning Home?

7.2.4 Gains in Living Standards: Returned Migrants, Continuing Migrants, and Stayers

7.3 Selection and Upward Mobility among Rural-​Urban Migrants

7.4 Short-​Term Seasonal Migration

7.4.1 Patterns in Temporary Absence: Partial New Evidence

7.4.1.1 Short-​Term Migration in China and India

7.5 Notes on Repeat and Step Migration

8. Impacts of Migration on Families

8.1 Migrant Departure and the Living Standards of Those Left Behind

8.1.1 Economic Effects on the Family

8.1.2 Circles beyond the Family

8.1.3 Furthering the Evidence

8.2 Couples: Cohabitation and Migration

8.2.1 The Incidence of Conjugal Separation: Rural Stayers and Rural-​Urban Migrants

8.2.2 Characterizing Married Migrants Living Apart from Their Partners

8.3 Migration and the Well-​Being of Children

8.3.1 On Findings to Date

8.3.2 Patterns in the Migration of Children: New Evidence on a Neglected Topic

8.3.3 The Family Circumstances of Children: The Intersections of Child and Parental Migrations

8.3.3.1 A Note on Categories of Parental Absence

8.3.3.2 Implications for the Family Circumstance of Children

8.3.4 Impacts on the Education of Children

8.3.4.1 Education and Migration by Children: A First Look

8.3.4.2 Child Education, Child and Parental Migration, and Family Circumstances.

8.3.4.3 Children Left behind in Rural Homes: Migrant Parents versus Remittance Inflows

9. In Perspective: A Summing Up

9.1 Rural-​Urban Migration and Urbanization

9.2 The Role of Rural-​Urban Migration in Economic Development

9.2.1 Income Gains and the Barriers to Moving

9.2.2 Selection and Sorting by Education: Implications for the Future of Urbanization

9.2.3 Changes in Living Standards for Families Left behind

9.2.4 Distance, Networks, and Cumulative Isolation

9.2.5 Inclusion and Exclusion of Ethnolinguistic and Religious Communities

9.3 The Incidence and Importance of Temporary Moves

9.4 The Gender Balance in Crossing the Rural-​Urban Divide

9.4.1 Autonomous Migration by Women

9.5 Implications for the Structure and Well-​Being of Families

9.5.1 Cohabitation versus Conjugal Separation among Married Couples

9.5.2 Parental Migration, Child Migration, and the Family Circumstances of Children

9.5.3 Migration and the Welfare of Children

9.6 Rural-​Urban Migration: The Policy Framework

9.7 A Postscript: The COVID Pandemic

Appendix A: Data Sources and Issues in Measurement

Appendix B: Country-​Specific Magnitudes of Migration between Rural and Urban Sectors

Appendix C: Who Migrates, Who Stays?

Appendix D: Economic Motives and Barriers to Internal Migration

Appendix E: The Roles of Social Networks

Appendix F: The Impermanence of Moves: Return and Onward Migration

Appendix G: Impacts of Migration on Families

References

Index.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

0-19-760217-7

0-19-760218-5

0-19-760216-9

OCLC:

1281955725