Economics of women, men, and work / Francine D. Blau, Cornell University, Anne E. Winkler, University of Missouri--St. Louis.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Blau, Francine D., author.

Winkler, Anne E., 1961- author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Women--United States--Economic conditions.

Women.

Feminist economics.

United States.

Economic conditions.

Feminist economics--United States.

Women--Employment--United States.

Women--Employment.

Sexual division of labor--United States.

Sexual division of labor.

Labor market--United States.

Labor market.

Women--United States--Social conditions.

Social conditions.

Women--Economic conditions.

Women--Social conditions.

Genre:

Textbooks.

Physical Description:

xxiii, 572 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Edition:

Ninth edition.

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2022]

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction

What Economics Is About

Uses of Economic Theory

The Scope of Economics

Individuals, Families, and Households

A Further Note on Terminology

Outline of the Book

Questions for Review and Discussion Key Terms

Appendix 1A A Review of Supply and Demand in the Labor Market

2. Women and Men: Historical Perspectives

The Source of Gender Differences: Nature versus Nurture-The Ongoing Debate

Factors Influencing Women's Relative Status

Women's Roles and Economic Development

The US Experience

Colonial America: The Preindustrial Period

Period of Industrialization

The Evolution of the Family and Women's Labor Force Participation

Economic Incentives: An Engine of Change for Women's Property Rights

Historical Evidence on Occupations and Earnings

College-Educated Women over the Last 100 Years: Work, Family, or Both?

Conclusion; Questions for Review and Discussion; Suggested Readings; Key Terms

3. The Family as an Economic Unit: Theoretical Perspectives

The Simple Neoclassical Model: Specialization and Exchange

Comparative Advantage

Specialization and Exchange: Numerical Examples

Decreasing Gains to Specialization and Exchange and the Shift Away from the Traditional Family

Disadvantages of Specialization

Lack of Sharing of Housework

Life Cycle Changes

Costs of Interdependence

Tastes and Bargaining Power

Domestic Violence

Advantages of Families beyond Specialization

Economies of Scale

Public Goods

Externalities in Consumption

Gains from Shared Consumption

Marriage-Specific Investments

Risk Pooling

Institutional Advantages

Transaction Cost and Bargaining Approaches

Appendix 3A Specialization and Exchange: A Graphical Analysis

4. The Family as an Economic Unit: Evidence

Time Spent in Nonmarket Work

Time Spent in Housework

Time Spent with Children

Time Spent in Volunteer Work

Estimating the Value of Nonmarket Production

The September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001: Just Compensation?

The American Family in the Twenty-First Century

The Status of Same-Sex Marriage in the United States: A 180-Degree Turn

Conclusion; Questions for Review and Discussion; Internet-Based Data Exercise; Suggested Readings; Key Terms

5. The Labor Force: Definitions and Trends

The Labor Force: Some Definitions

Trends in Labor Force Participation

Broad Labor Force Trends by Gender: 1890 to Present

Labor Force Trends by Race/Ethnicity

Labor Force Trends over the Life Cycle

Trends in Labor Force Attachment of Women

Trends in Hours Worked

Trends in Gender Differences in Unemployment

The COVID-19 Crisis: A Crisis That Laid Bare and Exacerbated Long-Standing Inequalities (but May Open the Door for Future Policy Action)

6. The Labor Supply Decision

The Labor Supply Decision

The Budget Constraint

Indifference Curves

The Labor Force Participation Decision

The Value of Nonmarket Time (w)

The Value of Market Time (w)

The Hours Decision

Empirical Evidence on the Responsiveness of Labor Supply to Wages and Income

Labor Supply Elasticities

Economic Conditions

Some Applications of the Theory: Taxes, Childcare Costs, and Labor Supply

Taxes and the Decision to Work

Government Subsidies of Childcare and Women's Labor Force Participation

Other Factors Affecting Childcare Costs and Women's Labor Force Participation

Analyzing the Long-Term Growth in Women's Labor Force Participation

Factors Influencing the Value of Market Time (w)

Factors Influencing the Value of Nonmarket Time (w)

The World War II Experience: Women's Surge in Labor Force Participation

Recent Trends in Women's Labor Force Participation: Has the Engine of Growth Stalled?

Analyzing Trends in Men's Labor Force Participation

Black and White Participation Differentials: Serious Employment Problems for Black Men

Appendix 6A The Income and Substitution Effects: A Closer Look

7. Evidence on Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes

Gender Differences in Occupations

Overview of Gender Differences in Occupations

Measuring Occupational Segregation

Hierarchies within Occupations

Evaluating the Extent of Occupational Segregation

Trends in Occupational Segregation by Sex

Women in the Military: No Positions Are Off Limits as of 2016

The Gender Pay Ratio

The Gender Pay Gap in the News

Gender Differences in Union Membership

Gender Differences in Self-Employment

Gender Differences in Nonstandard Work

8. Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Theory and Evidence

Supply and Demand Explanations: An Overview

What Is Human Capital?

Gender Differences in Levels of Educational Attainment

Gender Differences in High School Coursework and College Field of Study

The Educational Investment Decision

Calculating the Net Present Value of a Human Capital Investment

The Rising College Wage or Earnings Premium

Education and Productivity

Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: The Human Capital Explanation

Why are Women Underrepresented in Economics?

Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: Social Influences and Anticipation of Discrimination

Historical Background: Overt Discrimination by Educational Institutions

Socialization

Biased Evaluations

Subtle Barriers: Role Models, Mentoring, and Networking

The Impact of Title IX-Sports, Academics, Sexual Harassment, and Sexual Violence

Explaining Women's Rising Educational Attainment

Conclusion; Questions for Review and Discussion; Internet Data-Based Exercise; Suggested Readings; Key Terms

9. Other Supply-Side Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes

On-the-Job Training and Labor Market Experience

Gender Differences in Labor Market Experience

The On-the-Job Training Investment Decision

General Training

Firm-Specific Training

Why Do Firms Pay Tuition Benefits?

Experience and Productivity

Gender Differences in Training Investment Decisions

Expected Work Life

Discrimination

Occupations and Earnings

Temporal Flexibility and the Gender Wage Gap

Family-Related Earnings Gaps

Traditional Gender Roles and Gender Wage Gaps

Wage Penalties and Premiums Associated with Marriage and Parenthood

Gender Differences in Psychological Attributes ("Soft Skills")

Attitudes toward Negotiating

Attitudes toward Competition

Attitudes toward Risk

Gender Differences in the "Big Five" Personality Traits

A Closer Look at Gender Differences in Math Test Scores

Women, Math, and Stereotype Threat

Conclusion; Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings; Key Terms

10. Explaining Gender Differences in Earnings and Occupations: Supply-Side Factors versus Labor Market Discrimination

Labor Market Discrimination: A Definition

Analyzing the Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes

Empirical Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings

Evidence from Statistical Analyses: Labor Market-Wide Evidence

Biases in the Unexplained Gap as an Estimate of Discrimination

Evidence on Possible Sources of the Unexplained Gender Wage Gap

The Effect of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity on Labor Market Outcomes

Further Evidence from Statistical Analyses: A Look at Subgroups of College Graduates, Lawyers, and MBAs

Evidence on Discrimination from Experiments

Evidence on Discrimination from Court Cases

Evidence on Discrimination: An Assessment

Labor Market Discrimination against Blacks and Hispanics

The Declining Gender Pay

Gap

The Context: Widening Wage Inequality

The Minimum Wage: What Is It?

Determinants of Trends in the Gender Wage Gap

Explaining the Decline in the Gender Wage Gap

Minorities Fared Less Well in Narrowing the Wage Gap with Whites

Empirical Evidence on the Causes and Consequences of Gender Differences in Occupations

Consequences of Occupational Segregation

Causes of Occupational Segregation

Is There a Glass Ceiling?

Appendix 10A Regression Analysis and Empirical Estimates of Labor Market Discrimination

11. Labor Market Discrimination: Theory

Theories of Labor Market Discrimination: An Overview

Tastes for Discrimination

Employer Discrimination

Employee Discrimination

Customer Discrimination

Subtle Barriers

Statistical Discrimination

Perceptions of Average Gender Differences Can Result in a Pay Gap

Statistical Discrimination and Feedback Effects

Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Quitting

The Overcrowding Model

Institutional Models

The Internal Labor Market

Primary and Secondary Jobs

Feedback Effects

12. Government Policies to Combat Employment Discrimination

Rationales for Government Intervention

Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Regulations

Contents note continued: Equal Pay Act

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action

Major Court Decisions and Legislation That Have Shaped the Equal Employment Laws and Regulations

Employer Questions about Salary History Are Now Banned in Many States and Localities

Effectiveness of the Government's Antidiscrimination Effort

Affirmative Action

Quotas for Women in the Boardroom

Comparable Worth

Job Evaluation

13. Changing Work Roles and Family Formation

Economic Explanations for Family Formation

The Role of Gains to Specialization in Production

Declining Gains from Specialization in Production

Other Benefits from Marriage Remain and Some May Be Increasing

Marriage

Marriage Patterns by Educational Attainment

Divorce

Cohabitation: Opposite-Sex Couples

Cohabitation and Marriage: Same-Sex Couples

Fertility

Trends in Fertility Rates: World War II to Present

Timing of Fertility by Educational Attainment

Births to Unmarried Mothers

Teen Births

Births to Older Mothers

14. The Changing American Family and Implications for Family Well-Being

Changing Family Structure

Dual-Earner Married-Couple Families

Single-Parent Families

Poverty: Incidence and Measurement

Implications for Children's Well-Being

Maternal Employment, Childcare, and Children's Outcomes

Family Economic Disadvantage and Children's Outcomes

Family Structure and Children's Outcomes

15. Government Policies Affecting Family Well-Being

Policies to Alleviate Poverty

Aid to Families with Dependent Children: The Former US Welfare Program

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families: The Current US Welfare Program

The Earned Income Tax Credit

Employment Strategies

Universal Basic Income (UBI): A Policy Whose Time Has Come?

Child Support Enforcement

Taxes, Specialization, and Marriage

Federal Income Tax

Social Security

16. Balancing the Competing Demands of Work and Family

The Competing Demands of Work and Family

Work-Family Challenges Faced by Low-Wage Workers with Families

Work-Family Challenges for Highly Educated Professional Women

In the Media: Prominent Women Debate Whether Highly Educated Women Can "Have It All"

Particular Challenges for Women in Balancing Work and Family

Rationales for Government and Employer Policies to Assist Workers

Rationales for Government Policies

Rationales for Employer Policies

Family Leave

Government Leave Policies at the Federal Level

Paid Leave: Action on Leave Policies at the State Level

Childcare

Other Family-Friendly Policies

Alternative Work Schedules

Flexible Benefits

Policies to Assist Couples

How to Handle a Job Interview

17. Gender Differences around the World

Indicators of Women's Economic Status

The International Context

Labor Force Participation

Time Spent in Unpaid Work

Educational Attainment

The Benefits of Educating Women

Middle East and North Africa: Low Female Labor Force Participation Rates Despite Rising Educational Attainment

Cross-National Trends in Fertility Rates

Variations in Sex Ratios at Birth

China's One-Child Policy: A Case Study of the Unintended Consequences of a Seemingly Neutral Fertility Policy

Women's Political and Legal Empowerment

Multidimensional Measures of Women's Status

Economic Development, Globalization, and Women's Status

Microcredit for Women: Lifeline or Mirage?

18. A Comparison of the United States to Other Economically Advanced Countries

International Differences in Policies and Institutions

Labor Market Policies to Combat Gender Discrimination

Wage-Setting Institutions

Family-Friendly Policies

Tax Policies

US Women's Labor Force Participation in an International Context

The US Gender Wage Ratio in an International Context

Comparable Worth in Australia

Understanding Low Fertility in Economically Advanced Countries

Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings; Key Terms.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN:

0197606148

9780197606148

OCLC:

1275356752

Publisher Number:

99989606214