Instability in geophysical flows / William D. Smyth, Jeffrey R. Carpenter.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Smyth, William D., author.

Carpenter, Jeffrey R., 1979- author.

Series:

Physical Sciences

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Geophysics.

Geodynamics.

Marine geophysics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xi, 327 pages) : digital, PDF file(s).

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Instabilities are present in all natural fluids from rivers to atmospheres. This book considers the physical processes that generate instability. Part I describes the normal mode instabilities most important in geophysical applications, including convection, shear instability and baroclinic instability. Classical analytical approaches are covered, while also emphasising numerical methods, mechanisms such as internal wave resonance, and simple `rules of thumb' that permit assessment of instability quickly and intuitively. Part II introduces the cutting edge: nonmodal instabilities, the relationship between instability and turbulence, self-organised criticality, and advanced numerical techniques. Featuring numerous exercises and projects, the book is ideal for advanced students and researchers wishing to understand flow instability and apply it to their own research. It can be used to teach courses in oceanography, atmospheric science, coastal engineering, applied mathematics and environmental science. Exercise solutions and MATLAB® examples are provided online. Also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Contents:

Cover

Half-title page

Title page

Copyright page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I Normal Mode Instabilities

1 Preliminaries

1.1 What Is Instability?

1.2 Goals

1.3 Tools

1.4 Numerical Solution of a Boundary Value Problem

1.5 The Equations of Motion

1.6 Further Reading

1.7 Appendix: A Closer Look at Perturbation Theory

2 Convective Instability

2.1 The Perturbation Equations

2.2 Simple Case: Inviscid, Nondiffusive, Unbounded Fluid

2.3 Viscous and Diffusive Effects

2.4 Boundary Effects: the Rayleigh-Benard Problem

2.5 Nonlinear Effects

2.6 Summary

2.7 Appendix: Waves and Convection in a Compressible Fluid

3 Instabilities of a Parallel Shear Flow

3.1 The Perturbation Equations

3.2 Rayleigh's Equation

3.3 Analytical Example: the Piecewise-Linear Shear Layer

3.4 Solution Types for Rayleigh's Equation

3.5 Numerical Solution of Rayleigh's Equation

3.6 Shear Scaling

3.7 Oblique Modes and Squire Transformations

3.8 Rules of Thumb for a General Shear Instability

3.9 Numerical Examples

3.10 Perturbation Energetics

3.11 Necessary Conditions for Instability

3.12 The Wave Resonance Mechanism of Shear Instability

3.13 Quantitative Analysis of Wave Resonance

3.14 Summary

3.15 Appendix: Classical Proof of the Rayleigh and Fjørtoft Theorems

3.16 Further Reading

4 Parallel Shear Flow: the Effects of Stratification

4.1 The Richardson Number

4.2 Equilibria and Perturbations

4.3 Oblique Modes

4.4 The Taylor-Goldstein Equation

4.5 Application to Internal Wave Phenomena

4.6 Analytical Examples of Instability in Stratified Shear Flows

4.7 The Miles-Howard Theorem

4.8 Howard's Semicircle Theorem

4.9 Energetics

4.10 Summary

4.11 Further Reading

4.12 Appendix: Veering Flows

4.13 Appendix: Spatial Growth.

5 Parallel Shear Flow: the Effects of Viscosity

5.1 Conditions for Equilibrium

5.2 Conditions for Quasi-Equilibrium: the Frozen Flow Approximation

5.3 The Orr-Sommerfeld Equation

5.4 Boundary Conditions for Viscous Fluid

5.5 Numerical Solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld Equation

5.6 Oblique Modes

5.7 Shear Scaling and the Reynolds Number

5.8 Numerical Examples

5.9 Perturbation Energetics in Viscous Flow

5.10 Summary

6 Synthesis: Viscous, Diffusive, Inhomogeneous, Parallel Shear Flow

6.1 Expanding the Basic Equations

6.2 Numerical Solution

6.3 2D and Oblique Modes: Squire Transformations

6.4 Shear and Diffusion Scalings

6.5 Application: Instabilities of a Stably Stratified Shear Layer

6.6 Application: Analysis of Observational Data

6.7 Summary

6.8 Further Reading

7 Nonparallel Flow: Instabilities of a Cylindrical Vortex

7.1 Cyclostrophic Equilibrium

7.2 The Perturbation Equations

7.3 Barotropic Modes (m = 0)

7.4 Axisymmetric Modes (l = 0)

7.5 Analytical Example: the Rankine Vortex

7.6 Numerical Example: a Continuous Vortex

7.7 Wave Interactions in Barotropic Vortices

7.8 Mechanisms of Centrifugal and Convective Instabilities

7.9 Swirling Flows

7.10 Summary

7.11 Further Reading

8 Instability in a Rotating Environment

8.1 Frontal Zones

8.2 Geostrophic Equilibrium and the Thermal Wind Balance

8.3 The Perturbation Equations

8.4 Energetics

8.5 The Vertical Vorticity Equation

8.6 Analytical Solution #1: Inertial and Symmetric Instabilities

8.7 Analytical Solution #2: Baroclinic Instability

8.8 Numerical Solution Method

8.9 Instability in the Ageostrophic Regime

8.10 Summary

8.11 Further Reading

9 Convective Instability in Complex Fluids

9.1 Conditional Instability in a Moist Atmosphere or a Freezing Ocean.

9.2 Double Diffusive Instabilities

9.3 Bioconvection

9.4 CO[sub(2)] Sequestration

10 Summary

10.1 Equilibrium States

10.2 Instabilities

Part II The View Ahead

11 Beyond Normal Modes

11.1 Instability as an Initial Value Problem

11.2 Transient Growth in Simple Linear Systems

11.3 Computing the Optimal Initial Condition

11.4 Optimizing Growth at t = 0[sup(+)]

11.5 Growth at Short and Long Times: a Simple Example

11.6 Example: The Piecewise Shear Layer

11.7 Mechanics of Transient Growth in a Shear Layer

11.8 Generalizing the Inner Product

11.9 Summary

11.10 Appendix: Singular Value Decomposition

11.11 Further Reading

12 Instability and Turbulence

12.1 Secondary Instabilities and the Transition to Turbulence

12.2 Turbulence-Driven Instabilities

12.3 Cyclic Instability

12.4 Further Reading

13 Refining the Numerical Methods

13.1 Higher-Order Finite Differences

13.2 Finite Differences on an Adaptive Grid

13.3 Galerkin Methods

13.4 The Shooting Method

13.5 Generalizations

13.6 Further Reading

Appendix A Homework Exercises

Appendix B Projects

References

Index.

Notes:

Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 19 Apr 2019).

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781108670517

1108670512

9781108640084

1108640087

OCLC:

1101102230