Law and policy for the quantum age / Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Simson L. Garfinkel.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Hoofnagle, Chris Jay, author.

Garfinkel, Simson, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Quantum theory.

Quantum computing.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xxi, 577 pages) : digital, PDF file(s).

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2021.

Summary:

It is often said that quantum technologies are poised to change the world as we know it, but cutting through the hype, what will quantum technologies actually mean for countries and their citizens? In Law and Policy for the Quantum Age, Chris Jay Hoofnagle and Simson L. Garfinkel explain the genesis of quantum information science (QIS) and the resulting quantum technologies that are most exciting: quantum sensing, computing, and communication. This groundbreaking, timely text explains how quantum technologies work, how countries will likely employ QIS for future national defense and what the legal landscapes will be for these nations, and how companies might (or might not) profit from the technology. Hoofnagle and Garfinkel argue that the consequences of QIS are so profound that we must begin planning for them today.

Contents:

Cover

Half-title

Title page

Copyright information

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part 01: Quantum Technologies

1 Small Phenomena, Big Implications

1.1 Uncertainty

1.2 Entanglement

1.3 Superposition

1.4 Conclusion

2 Quantum Sensing and Metrology

2.1 First-Generation Quantum Sensing

2.2 Modern Quantum Sensing Approaches

2.3 Quantum Sensing Applications

2.3.1 Measuring Time

2.3.2 Sensing Location

2.3.3 Sensing Gravitational Fields

2.3.4 Quantum Illumination

2.3.5 Quantum Radar

2.4 From SIGINT to MASINT

2.5 Quantum Sensing: Conclusion

3 Understanding Computation

3.1 Mechanical Calculation

3.2 The Birth of Machine Computation

3.2.1 Combinatorial Problems

3.2.2 Numerical Analysis

3.3 Numeric Coding

3.3.1 Encoding Digital Information

3.3.2 Digital Computation

3.4 Computing, Computability and Turing Complete

3.4.1 Introducing The Halting Problem

3.4.2 The Halting Problem Cannot Be Solved

3.4.3 Using The Halting Problem

3.5 Moore's Law, Exponential Growth, and Complexity Theory

3.5.1 Software Speedups

3.5.2 Polynomial Complexity (P)

3.5.3 Nondeterminism

3.5.4 NP-Complete and NP-Hard

3.5.5 NP-Complete Problems Are Solvable!

3.5.6 BQP, BPP, and Beyond

3.6 Computing Today

3.7 Conclusion

4 The Birth of Quantum Computing

4.1 Why Quantum Computers?

4.1.1 Richard Feynman and Quantum Computing

4.2 Reversibility

4.2.1 The Arrow of Time

4.2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

4.2.3 Reversible Computation

4.2.4 The Landauer Limit

4.3 Cellular Automata and Conway's Life

4.3.1 Computing with CPUs, GPUs, and CA(s)

4.3.2 Life (The Game)

4.4 Digital Physics

4.4.1 Edward Fredkin and Project MAC

4.5 Reversible Computing and Supercomputing.

4.5.1 A Most Successful Term Paper

4.5.2 Reversible Computing Today

4.5.3 Defense Money

4.6 The Conference on The Physics of Computation (1981)

4.7 Russia and Quantum Computing

4.8 Aftermath: The Quantum Computing Baby

4.8.1 Growing Academic Interest

4.8.2 The First Quantum Computers

4.8.3 Coda

5 Quantum Computing Applications

5.1 Simulating Physical Chemistry

5.1.1 Nitrogen Fixation, without Simulation

5.1.2 Modeling Chemical Reactions

5.2 Quantum Factoring (Shor's Algorithm)

5.2.1 An Introduction to Cryptography

5.2.2 Forty Years of Public Key Cryptography

5.2.3 Cracking Public Key with Shor's Algorithm

5.2.4 Evaluating The Quantum Computer Threat to Public Key Cryptography

5.2.5 Post-Quantum Cryptography

5.3 Quantum Search (Grover's Algorithm)

5.3.1 Symmetric Ciphers: DES and AES

5.3.2 Brute-Force Key Search Attacks

5.3.3 Cracking AES-128 with Grover's Algorithm

5.3.4 Grover's Algorithm Today

5.4 Conclusion

6 Quantum Computing Today

6.1 How to Build a Quantum Computer

6.2 The Quantum Computer Landscape

6.2.1 Comparing Quantum Media

6.2.2 Five Kinds of Quantum Computers

6.3 Skeptics Present Quantum Computing's Challenges

6.3.1 Scientific Challenges

6.3.2 Engineering Challenges

6.3.3 Validation Challenges

6.3.4 Ecosystem Challenges

6.3.5 Quantum Supremacy and Quantum Advantage

6.4 The Outlook for Quantum Computing

7 Quantum Communications

7.1 Information-Theoretic Security

7.1.1 An Easy Math Problem

7.1.2 A Hard Math Problem

7.1.3 An Impossible Math Problem

7.2 Golden Ages: SIGINT and Encryption Adoption

7.2.1 The Golden Age of SIGINT

7.2.2 The Golden Age of Encryption

7.3 Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG)

7.4 Quantum Key Distribution

7.4.1 BB84

7.4.2 How QKD Works

7.4.3 Why QKD Is Secure.

7.4.4 QKD Gains Momentum

7.4.5 QKD Commercialized, Miniaturized

7.5 Quantum Internet

7.6 Conclusion

Part 10: Shaping the Quantum Future

8 Quantum Technologies and Possible Futures

8.1 Do Quantum Artifacts Have Politics?

8.1.1 Threat Modeling

8.1.2 Future Quantum Technology Scenarios

8.2 Scenario 1: Government Superior and Dominant

8.2.1 Winner Take All

8.2.2 Strategic Surprise: Cryptanalysis

8.2.3 Forged Signatures and Our Legal Realities

8.2.4 Attacks on Passwords and Other Authentication Systems

8.2.5 Strategic Surprise: Nuclear Weapons

8.2.6 Quantum Strategic Surprise: Chemical, Biological, and Genetic Weapons

8.2.7 Strategic Surprise: Remote Sensing

8.2.8 Quantum Strategic Surprise: QKD and Quantum Internet

8.2.9 Quantum Strategic Surprise: Secrecy and Leakage

8.2.10 Countermeasures in a Government-Dominant Scenario Disruption, Denial, Degradation, Destruction and Deception

8.3 Scenario 2: Public/Private Utopia

8.3.1 How Quantum Technologies Could Change Governance and Law

8.3.2 Implications for Human Primacy

8.4 Scenario 3: Public/Private, East/West Bloc

8.5 Scenario 4: Quantum winter

8.6 Conclusion

9 A Policy Landscape

9.1 Quantum Technology's Policy Impact

9.1.1 Game-Changers: Code-Breaking and Possibly Machine Learning

9.1.2 Quantum Technology Dominance

9.2 Industrial Policy

9.2.1 National Quantum Investments outside The US

9.2.2 US Quantum Technology Industrial Policy

9.2.3 Industrial Policy: Options and Risks

9.2.4 Innovation and The Taxpayer

9.2.5 The Risk of Choosing Poorly

9.3 Education Policy

9.3.1 Graduate Training in QIS

9.3.2 The Human Capital Challenge

9.3.3 Faculty Research Incentives

9.4 National Security and Quantum Technologies

9.4.1 Export Controls

9.4.2 Quantum Technology and Space Law.

9.4.3 Quantum Technology and Cybersecurity

9.5 Quantum Technology and Privacy

9.5.1 Secrets and Their Time Value

9.5.2 Regulation of Decryption

9.5.3 Challenges of Government Power

9.5.4 The European Approach to Privacy Rights

9.6 Quantum Prediction

9.6.1 Product development

9.6.2 Fairness

9.7 Measuring Quantum's Research Output

9.7.1 Academic Publications

9.7.2 Quantum Technology's Patent Output

9.8 Conclusion

10 The Quantum Age: Conclusions

10.1 Quantum Computing Winter Is a Probable Scenario for 2030

10.1.1 Public/Private Scenario

10.2 Assessing the Next Decade of Quantum Technologies

10.2.1 Prospects for Quantum Sensing

10.2.2 Prospects for Quantum Computing

10.2.3 Prospects for Quantum Communications

10.3 Law and Policy Priorities for the Quantum Age

Appendices

A Introduction to the Quantum Realm

A.1 The Quantum World: A Brief Introduction

A.2 Terminology, Size, and Frequency

A.2.1 The Atom

A.2.2 Quantum Sizes

A.2.3 Light

A.2.4 Quantum Speeds

B Introduction to Quantum Effects

B.1 Wave Mechanics

B.1.1 Quantum Swirls

B.1.2 Light: Newton Thought It Was a Particle

B.1.3 Light: It Acts Like a Wave

B.1.4 Light: How Can It Possibly Be a Wave?

B.2 Quantum Effects 1: Uncertainty

B.3 Quantum Effects 2: Polarization

B.3.1 Six Experiments with Quantum Polarization

B.4 Quantum Effects 3: Entanglement

B.5 Quantum Effects 4: Superposition

B.6 The Cat State

Bibliography

Index

Colophon.

Notes:

Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 25 Nov 2021).

ISBN:

9781108879750

1108879756

9781108883719

1108883710

OCLC:

1492996803