Principles of metal refining and recycling / Thorvald Abel Engh, Geoffrey K. Sigworth, Anne Kvithyld.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Engh, T. A., author.

Kvithyld, Anne, author.

Sigworth, Geoffrey K., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Metals--Refining.

Metals.

Metals--Recycling.

Metallurgy.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (785 pages)

Edition:

First edition

Place of Publication:

New York, New York : Oxford University Press, 2021

Summary:

The book is a greatly extended update of the 1992 book Principles of Metal Refining. It includes, in particular, the subject of metal recycling. It includes metalloids like silicon, ferrous and non-ferrous metal refining, and gives a comprehensive overview of metal production today, its applications, purification, and recycling.

Contents:

Cover

Principles of Metal Refining and Recycling

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

Contents

Notations and Units

Useful SI (Système International) units, conversion factors, and physical constants

1: The Effect of Dissolved Elements and Inclusions on the Properties of Metal Products

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Porosity

1.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals

1.4 Electrical Conductivity

1.5 Magnetic Hysteresis and Particles in Steel

1.6 The Effect of Impurities on Hot Ductility of Steels

1.7 The Effect of Intermetallic Phases on Macroproperties

1.7.1 Fatigue in Al-Cu-Mg-Mn Alloys

1.8 Inclusions and Mechanical Properties

1.8.1 Ductile Fracture

1.8.2 Toughness

1.8.3 Fatigue

1.8.4 Machinability

1.9 Corrosion

1.9.1 Corrosion of Al and Mg Alloys-Electrochemical Aspects

1.9.2 Effect of Intermetallic Particles

1.9.3 Elements in Solid Solution

1.9.3.1 Trace Elements

1.9.4 Pitting Corrosion

1.10 The Effect of Molten Particles in Aluminium Alloys

1.10.1 Impurities in Al-Si Castings

1.10.1.1 General Remarks about the SIMS Method Used

1.10.2 Edge Cracking in Hot-Rolled Materials of Al-Mg Alloys

1.10.3 Extrusion of AlMgSi Alloys and the Melting of Secondary Phase Particles

1.10.3.1 Results of Test 2

1.10.3.2 Melting of Secondary Phase Particles in AlMgSi Alloys

1.11 Concluding Remarks

References

Recommended Further Reading

2: Thermodynamics and Transport Properties

2.1 Thermodynamics

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs Energy

2.1.3 The Effect of High Temperature on Molten Metals

2.1.4 Chemical Potentials and Activities

2.1.5 The Pure Substance as Reference State, and Raoult's Law

2.1.6 The Dilute Solution and Henry's Law

2.1.7 Gibbs-Duhem's Law

2.1.8 Gibbs Energies of Solution

2.1.9 Interaction Coefficients.

2.1.10 Equilibria between Particles (Inclusions) and Melts

Precipitation Deoxidation

2.1.11 Modification of Inclusions

Ca Additions to Steel

2.1.12 The Phase Rule Applied to the Problem of Calcium Addition

2.1.13 The Regular Solution Model and Molten Salts

2.1.14 Slags

2.1.15 The Equilibrium between Sulfur in Steel and in a Basic Slag

2.1.16 The Equilibrium between Phosphorus in Steel and in a Basic Slag

2.1.17 Activities of Slag Components

2.2 Physical and Transport Properties of Molten Metals and Gases

2.2.1 Viscosity of Gases

2.2.2 Introduction, the Pair Distribution Function

2.2.3 The Viscosity of Liquids

2.2.3.1 Estimation of Viscosities at Higher Temperatures

2.2.3.2 Estimation of Viscosities of Liquid Alloys

2.2.4 Surface Tension of Pure Molten Metals

2.2.5 Thermodynamics of Interfaces

2.2.6 Surface Energy of Compounds

2.2.7 Interfacial Tension of Liquids with Several Components

2.2.8 Solid-Liquid Free Energy of Close-Packed Metals

2.2.9 Diffusion in Molten Metals

2.2.10 Thermal and Electrical Conductivity

3: Mixing, Mass Transfer, and Numerical Models

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Mass Transfer Coefficient

3.2 Mixing and Circulation Flow

Flow Models

3.3 Mass Transfer to Walls

3.4 Mass Transfer in Liquids to a Clean Free Surface

3.4.1 Mass Transfer to a Moving, Clean, Free Surface

3.4.2 Model Compared to Measurements of Mass Transfer

3.5 Mass Transfer in Liquids to Bubbles, Droplets, and Particles

3.6 Velocities of Bubbles, Droplets, or Particles and the Corresponding Mass Transfer Coefficients

3.6.1 Removal of Mg from Molten Aluminium in a Continuous Gas-Purging Reactor

3.7 Bubbles, or Droplets Dispersed in Molten Metal

3.7.1 Introduction

3.7.2 Penetration of Solid Particles into a Melt.

3.7.3 Size of Bubbles and Droplets in Melts

3.7.4 Small Bubbles from Impeller

3.8 Gas-Side Mass Transfer Resistance

3.8.1 Introduction

Monoatomic Gases

3.8.2 Gas-Side and Interfacial Resistance for Diatomic Gases

3.9 Removal of Impurities by Reactive Gases and Compounds

3.10 Pick-up of Hydrogen fromWater Vapour

3.10.1 Model

3.10.2 Measurements of Absorption of Hydrogen to an Aluminium Melt

3.10.2.1 Off-Gas and Hydrogen Solubility Measurements

3.11 Fluid Dynamics

3.11.1 Introduction

3.11.2 Turbulence Modelling Assumptions

3.11.3 Multiphase Flows

3.12 Numerical Solution

4: Removal of Dissolved Impurities from Molten Metals

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Mixing

4.3 The Total Mass Transfer Coefficient, kt

4.4 Equilibrium or Mass Transfer Control in Gas Purging

Reactive Gas

4.5 Bubble Contact Area

4.6 Continuous Back-Mix Reactors

4.7 Batch Reactors

4.8 Traditional Slag-Metal Refining in a Batch Reactor (Ladle)

4.9 Removal of Ca and Al Impurities in MG-Si

4.9.1 An Industrial Example of Reactive Gas and Slag Refining

4.10 Injection

4.10.1 Details of Mathematical Treatment

4.10.2 Concluding Comments

4.11 Hydrogen Removal

Diatomic Gases

4.12 Metal to Gas (Vacuum) Transfer

4.12.1 Conclusions

4.13 Vacuum Refining of Aluminium

4.14 Distillation

4.15 Comparison of Different Methods for Refining Al Alloys

4.15.1 Iron

4.15.2 Manganese

4.15.3 Copper

4.15.4 Zinc

4.15.5 Magnesium and Lithium

4.15.6 Heavy Metals

Further Reading

5: Removal of Inclusions from Melts

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Measurement of Inclusions

5.3 Removal of Inclusions Using 'Furniture' within a Tundish System

5.4 Removal of Inclusions by Natural Flotation/Settling

5.5 Introduction to Flotation by Bubbles.

5.5.1 Attachment Mechanism to Bubbles

5.5.2 Removal of Inclusions by Flotation (Bubbles)

5.5.3 Removal of Inclusions Using Microbubbles

5.6 Introduction to Filtration

5.6.1 Cake Mode Filtration

5.6.2 Deep Bed Filtration

5.6.3 Ceramic Foam Model

5.6.4 Re-entrainment of Inclusions

5.7 Rotational Forces for Removing Inclusions

5.8 Electromagnetic Forces for Removing Inclusions

5.9 The Number Size Distribution of Inclusions

5.10 Dissolved Elements and Inclusions

5.11 Conclusions

6: Solidification and Refining

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Solute Distribution at the Solid-Liquid Interface

6.3 The Mass Transfer Coefficient kt from Solid to Bulk Liquid

6.4 Constitutional Supercooling and Stirring

6.4.1 Macrosegregation

6.4.2 Modelling of Macrosegregation

6.5 Segregation of Alloys Displaced from the Eutectic Composition

6.6 Refining Alloys by Partial Solidification

6.7 Refining Alloys by Continuous Draining of Liquid

6.8 Zone Refining

6.9 Refining Processes in Crystallization of Si for Solar Cells/Crystal Pulling/Directional Solidification

6.10 The Czochralski Crystal Puller

6.11 Nucleation and Grain Refinement

6.11.1 Effectiveness of Nucleants

6.11.1.1 The Peretectic Theory

6.11.1.2 The Role of Boron and Alloy Composition

7: Remelting and Addition of Alloy Components

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Change in Temperature from Alloying

7.3 Models for Heating and Melting Pure Aluminium Metal in an Aluminium Bath

7.3.1 Energy Transport Model without Shell Formation

7.3.2 Thin Flat Plate Continuously Fed into Melt

7.3.3 Mass Transfer Coefficient Calculations

7.3.4 Criterion for Shell Formation

7.3.5 Melting of Spheres (with High Thermal Conductivity)

7.3.6 Continuous Feeding and Melting of a Cylindrical Rod.

7.3.7 Validity of the Energy Transport Model for Continuously Fed Material

7.4 Model Including Shell Growth and Melting

7.4.1 Dimensionless Groups

7.4.2 General Assumptions

7.4.3 Main Model of the Plate with Shell Formation

7.4.3.1 Region A

7.4.3.2 The Shell

7.4.3.3 Region B

7.4.3.4 The Wedge Region

7.4.3.5 Combined Solution

7.4.4 Heat-Transfer Coefficient in Thermal Boundary Layer

7.4.4.1 Boundary-Layer Theory for Molten Metals

7.4.5 Simplified Model with Shell Formation

7.5 Alloying

7.5.1 Diffusion-Limited Dissolution of Alloys

7.5.2 The Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Molten Metals

7.6 Dissolution Rate and Intermetallic Phases

7.7 Practical Alloy Additions to a Melt

7.8 Safety

7.9 Summary

8: Metal Processes and Applications-An Overview

8.1 Alkali Metals (Na, K, Li)

8.1.1 Sodium (Na)

8.1.1.1 Production

8.1.1.2 Applications

8.1.1.3 EHS

8.1.2 Potassium (K)

8.1.2.1 Production

8.1.2.2 Applications

8.1.2.3 EHS

8.1.3 Lithium (Li)

8.1.3.1 Production

8.1.3.2 Applications

8.1.3.3 Recycling

8.1.3.4 EHS

8.2 Alkaline Earth Metals

8.2.1 Beryllium (Be)

8.2.1.1 Physical Properties

8.2.1.2 Production

8.2.1.3 Applications

8.2.1.4 Recycling

8.2.1.5 EHS and Sustainability

8.2.2 Magnesium (Mg)

8.2.2.1 Physical Properties

8.2.2.2 Production

8.2.2.3 Applications

8.2.2.4 Recycling

8.2.2.5 EHS and Sustainability

8.2.3 Calcium (Ca)

8.2.3.1 Physical Properties

8.2.3.2 Production

8.2.3.3 Applications

8.2.3.4 Recycling

8.2.4 Strontium (Sr)

8.2.4.1 Physical Properties

8.2.4.2 Production

8.2.4.3 Major Applications

8.2.4.4 Recycling

8.2.4.5 EHS and Sustainability

8.3 Rare Earths: Scandium, Yttrium, and Lanthanides

8.3.1 Scandium (Sc)

8.3.1.1 Physical Properties

8.3.1.2 Production.

8.3.1.3 Major Applications.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780191850035

0-19-185003-9

0-19-253988-4

OCLC:

1276862160