Trends in oil and gas corrosion research and technologies : production and transmission / edited by A. M. El-Sherik.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

El-Sherik, A. M., editor.

Series:

Woodhead Publishing in energy.

Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Corrosion and anti-corrosives.

Petroleum industry and trade--Equipment and supplies--Corrosion.

Petroleum industry and trade.

Gas industry--Equipment and supplies.

Gas industry.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (928 pages) : color illustrations, photographs.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Duxford, England : Woodhead Publishing, 2017.

Summary:

Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies: Production and Transmission delivers the most up-to-date and highly multidisciplinary reference available to identify emerging developments, fundamental mechanisms and the technologies necessary in one unified source.Starting with a brief explanation on corrosion management that also addresses today's most challenging issues for oil and gas production and transmission operations, the book dives into the latest advances in microbiology-influenced corrosion and other corrosion threats, such as stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen damage just to name a few. In addition, it covers testing and monitoring techniques, such as molecular microbiology and online monitoring for surface and subsurface facilities, mitigation tools, including coatings, nano-packaged biocides, modeling and prediction, cathodic protection and new steels and non-metallics.Rounding out with an extensive glossary and list of abbreviations, the book equips upstream and midstream corrosion professionals in the oil and gas industry with the most advanced collection of topics and solutions to responsibly help solve today's oil and gas corrosion challenges.- Covers the latest in corrosion mitigation techniques, such as corrosion inhibitors, biocides, non-metallics, coatings, and modeling and prediction- Solves knowledge gaps with the most current technology and discoveries on specific corrosion mechanisms, highlighting where future research and industry efforts should be concentrated- Achieves practical and balanced understanding with a full spectrum of subjects presented from multiple academic and world-renowned contributors in the industry

Contents:

Front Cover

Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies

Related titles

Copyright

Contents

Biographies

Preface

I - Corrosion in the oil and gas upstream and mid-stream: introduction

1 - Cost of corrosion

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Methodologies to calculate the cost of corrosion

1.2.1 Uhlig method

1.2.2 Hoar method

1.2.3 Input-output model

1.2.4 Direct-indirect cost model

1.3 Review of published studies

1.3.1 United States (1949): the Uhlig report

1.3.2 West Germany (1969)

1.3.3 United Kingdom (1970): the Hoar report

1.3.4 Japan (1974)

1.3.5 United States (1975): the Battelle-NBS report

1.3.6 Australia (1982)

1.3.7 Kuwait (1978/1992)

1.3.8 Japan (1997)

1.3.9 United States (1998): the FHWA report

1.3.10 United States (1998): Electric Power Research Institute

1.3.11 Saudi Arabia (2006)

1.3.12 Australia (2010)

1.3.13 India (2011-2012)

1.3.14 United States (2016): IMPACT study

1.3.15 China (2016)

1.4 Current estimate of global cost of corrosion

1.5 Corrosion management financial tools

1.5.1 Current cost of corrosion

1.5.2 Cash flow

1.5.3 Corrosion control practices

1.5.3.1 Determine current practice

1.5.3.2 Elements of corrosion control practices

1.5.4 Present discount value of cash flow

1.5.5 Annual value of cash flow

1.5.6 Past trends of corrosion management costs and benefits

1.6 Cost saving through improvement of corrosion management

1.7 Incorporating corrosion management into corporate management systems

1.7.1 Corrosion management policy, strategy, and objectives

1.7.2 Enablers, controls, and measures

1.7.2.1 Organization

1.7.2.2 Contractors, suppliers, and vendors

1.7.2.3 Resources

1.7.2.4 Communication

1.7.2.5 Internal communication.

1.7.2.6 External communication

1.7.2.7 Risk management

1.7.2.8 Management of change

1.7.2.9 Training and competency

1.7.2.10 Lessons learned

1.7.2.11 Documentation

1.7.2.12 Assurance

1.7.2.13 Management review

1.7.2.14 Continuous improvement

1.8 Strategies for successful corrosion management

References

Further reading

2 - Petroleum fluids properties and production schemes: effect on corrosion

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Composition of produced fluids

2.1.2 Production and surface transportation of hydrocarbons

2.2 Corrosion in oil and gas production

2.2.1 Water chemistry and corrosion

2.2.2 Nature of oil and corrosion

2.2.3 Factors influencing corrosivity of oil

2.2.4 Water/oil ratio and corrosion

2.2.5 Sediments in crude oil

2.2.6 Influence of flow velocity

2.2.7 Role of interfacial phenomena

2.2.8 Microbiologically influenced corrosion

2.3 Summary

3 - Corrosion management

3.1 Introduction

3.2 5-M methodology

3.2.1 Elements of 5-M methodology

3.2.1.1 Management

3.2.1.2 Modeling

3.2.1.3 Mitigation

3.2.1.4 Monitoring

3.2.1.5 Maintenance

3.2.2 Implementation of 5-M methodology

3.2.2.1 Management-context of corrosion control

3.2.2.2 Model-internal corrosion

3.2.2.3 Mitigation-internal corrosion

3.2.2.4 Monitoring-internal corrosion

3.2.2.5 Model-external corrosion

3.2.2.6 Mitigation-external corrosion

3.2.2.7 Monitoring-external corrosion

3.2.2.8 Maintenance

3.2.2.9 Management (continuous improvement)

3.2.3 Scoring key performance indicators

3.2.4 Case histories

3.2.4.1 Riser [4]

3.2.4.2 Oil production pipeline [5]

3.2.4.3 Oil transmission pipeline [6]

3.2.4.4 Oil and gas transmission pipeline network [7]

3.2.4.5 Gas transmission pipeline [8]

3.3 Risk-based inspection

3.4 Direct assessment.

3.5 Integrity operating windows or boundary of operation

3.6 Corrosion control document

3.7 Current status and future development

II - Corrosion in oil and gas production and transmission: current knowledge and challenges

4 - Downhole corrosion

4.1 Corrosion management of the downhole environment

4.2 Principle corrosive agents in production fluids

4.3 API RP14E

4.4 Environmental cracking

4.5 Corrosion inhibition

4.6 Comparison of costs for downhole corrosion prevention methods

4.7 Downhole internal coatings and nonmetallic materials

4.8 Control of external corrosion

4.9 Conclusions

5 - Corrosion in onshore production and transmission sectors-current knowledge and challenges

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Onshore atmospheric corrosion

5.1.2 Onshore underground corrosion

5.1.3 Onshore oil pipelines-internal corrosion

5.1.3.1 Dead legs

5.1.3.2 Shut downs

5.1.3.3 Low flow rate

5.1.4 Onshore gas pipelines-internal corrosion

5.1.5 Onshore multiphase pipelines-internal corrosion

5.2 Control of pipeline corrosion

5.2.1 Materials selection

5.2.2 Corrosion control

5.2.3 Corrosion monitoring

5.2.4 Inspection

5.2.5 Corrosion assessment

5.3 Tanks and vessels

5.3.1 Storage and other tanks

5.3.2 Pressure vessels

5.3.3 Minor but important items

5.4 Downhole corrosion

5.4.1 Downhole material selection

5.4.2 Downhole corrosion control

5.5 Conclusions

5.6 Corrosion challenges in onshore sectors

Reference

III - Corrosion mechanisms: current knowledge, gaps and future research

6 - Sour corrosion

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Sour corrosion rates and electrochemistry

6.2.1 Electrochemical reactions

6.2.1.1 Anodic reactions-iron dissolution

6.2.1.2 Cathodic reactions-hydrogen reduction.

6.2.2 The effect of FeS layers on the corrosion rate

6.3 Sour corrosion products and surface layers

6.3.1 Amorphous iron sulfide

6.3.2 Mackinawite (FeS1−x)

6.3.3 Troilite (FeS)

6.3.4 Pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS)

6.3.5 Smythite (Fe7S8-Fe3S4) and greigite (Fe3S4)

6.3.6 Pyrite and marcasite (FeS2)

6.3.7 Types of iron sulfides formed during sour corrosion

6.4 Sour corrosion morphology

6.4.1 Pitting attacks

6.4.2 Edge and crevice attacks

6.5 Environmental factors affecting sour corrosion

6.5.1 Effect of temperature

6.5.2 Effect of H2S partial pressure

6.5.3 Flow velocity/wall shear stress

6.5.4 Dissolved salts/salinity

6.5.5 Alkalinity/pH

6.5.6 Organic acids

6.5.7 Gas hydrate inhibitors

6.6 Effects of elemental sulfur, polysulfides, and oxygen

6.7 The effect of steel microstructure

6.8 Summary of localized corrosion triggers

6.9 Gaps in current research and areas for future study

Acknowledgments

7 - CO2 corrosion of mild steel

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Water chemistry in CO2 corrosion

7.3 Electrochemistry of CO2 corrosion

7.3.1 Anodic reactions

7.3.2 Cathodic reactions

7.3.3 Charge transfer rate calculations

7.3.4 Effect of homogeneous reactions

7.3.5 Effect of mass transfer

7.4 Corrosion product layers

7.4.1 Iron carbide (Fe3C)

7.4.2 Iron carbonate (FeCO3)

7.4.3 Iron oxide (Fe3O4)

7.5 Additional aqueous species

7.5.1 Organic acids

7.5.2 Hydrogen sulfide

7.5.3 Chlorides

7.6 Multiphase flow effects

7.7 Effect of crude oil

7.8 Localized corrosion

7.9 Inhibition of CO2 corrosion

7.10 Some field experiences and key challenges

8 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Microorganisms present in the oil and gas.

8.2.1 Microorganisms associated with microbiologically influenced corrosion

8.2.1.1 Methanogens

8.2.1.2 Sulfate-reducing bacteria

8.2.1.3 Iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria

8.2.1.4 Iron-reducing bacteria

8.2.1.5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

8.2.1.6 Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

8.2.1.7 Slime-former bacteria

8.2.1.8 Acid-producing bacteria

8.3 Classification of microorganisms

8.3.1 Classification based on oxygen demand

8.3.2 Classification of microorganisms based on energy and carbon requirement

8.3.3 Classification of microorganisms according to taxonomic hierarchy

8.4 Biofilms: why do microbes like to live in biofilms?

8.5 Microbiologically influenced corrosion mechanisms

8.5.1 Cathodic depolarization by hydrogenase

8.5.2 King and Miller mechanism

8.5.3 The anodic depolarization mechanism

8.5.4 Other mechanisms

8.6 Consequences of MIC in the gas and oil industry

8.6.1 Degradation and deterioration

8.7 Knowledge gaps and future research trends

8.7.1 Knowledge and acquaintance deficiency

8.7.2 Sampling procedures and evaluation methodologies

8.7.2.1 Microbiology: existence versus influence

8.7.2.2 Detection and monitoring

8.7.2.3 Procedures and standardization

8.7.2.4 Modeling and prediction

8.7.2.5 Future research significances

8.8 Conclusions

9 - Pitting corrosion

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Environmental effects in pit formation

9.3 Electrochemical methods used to determine pitting potential

9.3.1 Evaluation of anodic polarization curves

9.3.2 Repassivation potential measurements

9.3.3 Pit depth

9.3.4 Critical pitting temperature and critical crevice temperature

9.4 Kinetics of pit growth

9.4.1 Pit growth in a bulk specimen as a function of time

9.4.2 Initiation stages of pit growth

9.5 Criteria for pit growth.

9.5.1 Critical pit stability.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed July 6, 2017).

ISBN:

0-08-101219-5