Living with heritage : the case of Tsodilo World Heritage Site and neighbouring localities / Stella Basinyi.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Basinyi, Stella, author.

Series:

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology ; v.99

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Tourism--Social aspects--Botswana.

Tourism.

World Heritage areas--Botswana.

World Heritage areas.

Cultural property--Botswana.

Cultural property.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (183 pages)

Place of Publication:

Oxford, England : Archaeopress Publishing Limited, [2019]

Summary:

In 2008 several heritage sites in Botswana were opened for tourism in addition to the Tsodilo World Heritage Site. Insufficient research was undertaken to understand how local communities and local cultures respond to these ventures. This study presents an overview of community transformation and responses to heritage sites as globalised platforms.

Contents:

Cover

Copyright Information

Contents

List of Figures

Figure 1 Map of Botswana showing the location of Tsodilo World Heritage (WHS) Site

Figure 2 Perception of Authorship of the Rock Paintings

Figure 3 Income in BWP (Botswana Pula) From Crafts Sales (Aug-Sep 2013) Tourism Development Plan

Figure 4. The Relationship between Heritage Management and Community Relevance Markers

Figure 5 Contexts in Which the Host Interacts With the Visitors and the Core of Heritage Management Strategies

Figure 6 Weld fire approaching the Tsodilo Village in the winter of 2014. Picture by S. Basinyi (2014)

Figure 7 The Abandoned Church Structure at the Mosheshe Old settlement. Picture by S. Basinyi (2015)

Figure 8 Onsite access road passes through old Ju/hoansi settlement. Picture by S. Basinyi (2015)

Figure 9 Fading Rock Art Panel in Tsodilo hills Picture by S. Basinyi (2016)

Figure 10 Factors Influencing the Nature of Heritage Management and Recognition of the Local Community

Figure 11 summarizes the emergent categories of factors that contribute and constitute the nature of contact between the stakeholders on site and in community spaces. These are discussed in detail in the chapter.

Figure 12 Film viewing at the J/hoansi Residence Photo by S. Basinyi (2016)

Figure 13 Number of Registered Visitors (June - October 2013) Source

Tsodilo Tourism Development Plan (2013)

Figure 14 Ju/hoansi Evening around Fire Dance Performance and Filmmaking Photo by S. Basinyi (2015)

Figure 15 Factors Influencing Interaction and Heritage Management in Tsodilo WHS

List of Tables

Table 1 Summary of Interview Data Sources

Table 2 Range Of Participants Selected For Study

Table 3 Translated Text and Codes (Coding)

Table 4 Emerging Patterns of the Data.

Table 5 Emerging Concepts and Example of Tentative Categories from Focused Coding Process

Table 6 Theoretical Coding of the Established Borders

Table 7 Codes Supporting the Responsibility of the Host community

Table 8 Values Related Codes Supporting the Global Approaches in Tsodilo Heritage Management

Table 9 Codes Supporting Spirituality and Kinship Values

Table 10 codes supporting conflicting value category

Table 11 Codes Supporting Manner of Interaction between Host and Visitor

Table 12 Codes Supporting the Effortless Interactions

Table 13 Negative Outcome of the Interaction with the Visitor

Table 14 Profile of the research team

Table 15 Example of Focused codes and interview excerpts

Table 16 Example of the coding process

Table 17 Example of Focused codes

Table 18 example of codes on Community and visitor interactions

Table 19 Participant outline

Acknowledgements

Acronyms

Foreign Words

Foreign Words in This Dissertation

Writing systems for names and words with click sound used in the study and Bantu system orthography

Introduction and Conceptulisation

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Presentation of the Study

1.1.1 Main Objective

1.2 Structure of Study and Chapter Outline

1.3 Contextualisation

1.3.1 Heritage

1.3.2 Intangible Cultural Heritage

1.3.3 Culture

1.3.4 Community

1.3.5 The Role of Local and Host Community and Knowledge in the Research

1.3.6 History of heritage studies

1.3.7 Critical Heritage Approach (CHA)

1.3.8 Heritage Management in Southern Africa

1.3.9 Research Justification

Approaching Inhabited Heritage Spaces: Grounded Theory and Community Heritage Research

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Research Question and Selection of the Topic

2.1.1 Qualitative Research Framework

2.2 Grounded Theory (GT)

2.2.1 Strategy for Enquiry.

2.2.2 Origins of GT

2.2.3 Nature of GT Research

2.2.4 Relevance of the GT Methodology in the Research Study

2.2.5 Versions of GT

Glaserian GT

Strauss and Corbin

Charmaz's Constructivists Grounded Theory (CGT)

2.2.6 Essentials of Grounded Theory Methodology

Coding and Categorization of Data

Concurrent Data Generation and Analysis

Theoretical Coding or Focused Coding

Constant Comparative Analysis

Reflexivity

Theoretical Sampling

Theoretical Sensitivity

Writing Memos

Philosophical Leaning of the Research

2.3 GT Procedure and Essential in the Research Process

2.3.1 Literature Reviewing and GT

2.3.2 Delay of Literature

2.3.3 Steps Taken To Gain Entry into the Field and Ethical Consideration

2.3.4 Researcher's Position

2.3.5 Choice of Fieldwork Area

2.3.6 Research Participants

2.3.7 Entering the Field

2.3.8 Research Team and Language

2.3.10 Population Dynamics in Tsodilo and Theoretical Sampling

2.3.9 Settling in the Tsodilo Community Residence

2.3.11 Rapport Building and Gatekeepers

2.3.12 Field Research Stages

2.3.13 First Stage Fieldwork Methods and Practice

2.3.14 Research Break

2.3.15 Second Stage Field Work

2.4 Data Collection Procedure

2.4.1 Data Collection Methods

2.4.2 Multi-Sited Approaches

2.4.3 Interviews

2.4.4 Event Observation

2.4.5 Participant Observation

2.4.6 Data Recording

Photovoice

2.4.7 Theoretical Sampling

2.4.8 Research Participants

2.4.9 Limitations of Research

2.5 Data Analysis

2.5.1 Interpretation, Translation and Transcription of Data

2.5.2 Coding and Constant Comparative Analysis

2.5.3 Open or Initial Coding Data

2.5.4 Focused Coding

2.5.5 Memoing

2.5.6 Theoretical Coding

2.5.7 Point Of Saturation

2.5.8 Reflexivity

2.5.9 Summary of the Analysis Procedure.

Research Findings

Relevance and Competition for Recognition and Entitlement of Communities in Inhabited Heritage Areas

3.0 Background Overview of the Landscape

3.1 Overview of the Landscape and the Local People

3.1.1 Overview of the Tsodilo World Heritage Site and the Inscription of Tsodilo on World Heritage List (WHL), the Narrative for the Official Management of the Site

3.2 Introduction

3.2.1 Deconstructing Community

3.2.2 Kinship Relations and Obligations in the Wider Tsodilo Areas

3.2.3 The Officially Recognized Community

3.2.4 The Neighbouring Community

3.3 Culture and Heritage

3.3.1 Defining Culture

Culture as an Identifier of Difference

3.3.2 Defining Heritage

Authorship, Craftsmanship and Ownership

Perception of Heritage as Linked with the Museum Authority

Fences and Authority

The Nature of Heritage Management and Relevance from the Point Of View of Global Approach and Institutions

Sources of Income and Competition for the Market

The Dynamics and Use of the Kgotla

3.4 Establishing Relevance

3.4.1 Divide and Manage

3.4.2 Relevance and Competing For Recognition and Entitlement

3.4.3 Access to the Site

3.4.4 Relevance, Proximity and Responsibility

3.4.5 Proximity and the Exclusion of the Herero

3.4.6 Descendants of the First People and Indigenousness Validating Rights to Heritage Resources

3.4.7 Recent Arrivals and Lack of Knowledge of Site and Authorship

3.4.8 The Exclusion and Grouping Dynamics

3.4.9 Crafts and Ethnic Boundaries

3.4.10 Mobility, Authority and Restriction

3.4.11 Development and Heritage

3.4.12 Relevance of the Host Community

3.5 Summary of the Chapter

3.6 Conclusion

Heritage Community Value Dimensions and Impact on Host Communities

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Identifying Values and Cultural Significance.

4.1.1 The Value of 'Tsodilo'

4.1.2 Valorisation and (De) Valorisation of Heritage

4.2 Value Based Contexts

4.2.1 Value Categories Emerging From the Tsodilo Context

4.2.2. Global Approach and Institutions (Category) and Tourism-Based Context

4.2.3 The Main Objective of the Official Management

4.2.4. The Language and Interpretation of Heritage Values

4.2.5 The Value and Bottom-up Approach

4.2.6 The Role and Responsibility of the Host Community

4.2.7 Appreciation of the Values of the Site

4.2.8 Heritage Values as Something to Be Taught to Communities

4.3 Replacement of Traditional Authority by Formal Positions

4.4 Spiritual and Beliefs Systems Context

4.4.1 The Spiritual Attribute Of the Site and the Rock Art Paintings with the Work of God

4.4.2 Traditional Curator with the Ability to Communicate With the Spirit of the Hills

4.5 Conflicting Values

4.5.1 Religious Diversity and Tolerance between Faith-Based Groups

4.5.2 Developments and Cultural Values

4.6 Conclusion

Heritage Community Interactions: Hosts and Visitors

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Contact and Interactions

5.1.1 Contact with the Supernatural and the Development

5.1.2 Interactions with the Faith-Based Community

5.2 The Diversity of Visitors

5.2.1 Interactivity with the Visitors and Acquaintances

5.3 Nature of Interactions

5.2.2 Interaction within the Host Communities

Competition for Entitlements

Effortless Interaction among Locals

Conflict for Limited Resources and Maintaining Control

Dependency Reciprocity and Sharing

5.2.3 Interactions with the Outsider

Language and Cultural Knowledge during Participation and Projects

Language and Exclusion

Kinship and Commoditization of Culture and Imbrications of Science

The Kgotla System and Dialogue with the Local Communities.

Language and Interpretation of Rock Art.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

1-78969-305-5