Handbook of cannabis and related pathologies : biology, pharmacology, diagnosis, and treatment / edited by V. R. Preedy.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Preedy, V. R., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cannabis--Therapeutic use.

Cannabis.

Cannabis--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Cannabis--Therapeutic use--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Genre:

Handbooks and manuals.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1,382 pages) : color illustrations, tables

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Elsevier, 2017.

Contents:

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

I - Setting the scene, botanical, general and international aspects

Chapter 1 - The Cannabis Plant: Botanical Aspects

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

Botany of Cannabis

Macroscopical Features

Microscopical Features

Classification of Cannabis

Other Recent Taxonomic Studies

Chemotaxonomic Classification

Molecular Classification

Current Cannabis Varieties

Genetics of Cannabis

Genome of Cannabis sativa

Geographical Distribution

Agricultural Status

Conservation Initiatives

Ex Situ Conservation in Gene Banks

In Situ Conservation as In Vitro Gene Banks

Cultivation Techniques of Cannabis

Outdoor Cultivation

Indoor Cultivation

In vitro Micropropagation

Recommendations for Future Action

Mini-Dictionary

References

Chapter 2 - The Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids

Cannabinoid precursor biosynthesis

Polyketide Pathway Toward Olivetolic Acid

Biosynthesis of Geranyl Diphosphate

Cannabigerolic Acid Biosynthesis

Cannabinoid pathway

Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Synthase

Cannabidiolic Acid Synthase

Cannabichromenic Acid Synthase (CBCAS)

Cannabinoids with Propyl Side Chains

Mini-dictionary

Acknowledgment

Chapter 3 - Increasing Plant Concentrations of THC and Implications on Health Related Disorders

Cannabis plants: has the potency changed?

Does higher cannabis potency lead to increased exposure to THC?

Higher-Potency Cannabis and Plasma THC Levels

Titration of THC Intake During Smoking

THC Concentrations in Biological Samples

Does higher exposure to THC increase the risk of adverse health effects?.

Effects of Higher Exposure to THC on Effects of Short-Term Use

Effects of Higher Exposure of Cannabis on Effects of Long-Term or Heavy Use of Cannabis

Different explanations for increased risk of adverse health effects

Conclusions

Chapter 4 - Age as a Predictor of Cannabis Use

Initiation of Cannabis Use

Trends in Cannabis Use Across the Lifespan

Cannabis Use, Social Norms, and Legal Status

Global Use

Cannabis Use Among Older Adults

Chapter 5 - Lifetime Cannabis Use and Cognition in Psychosis Spectrum Disorders

Cognitive effects of long-term use of cannabis in psychotic patients

Superior cognitive functioning of psychotic patients who use cannabis: explicative hypothesis

Chapter 6 - A Profile of Synthetic Cannabinoid Users

Reasons for Synthetic Cannabinoid Use

Demographics Associated with Cannabinoid Use

A Profile of Synthetic Cannabinoid Users

The Replacement User

The Experimental User

The Drug Aficionado

The Habitual User

Chapter 7 - Dual Disorders in Cannabis Misuse

List of abbreviations

The cannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders

The Role of the Cannabinoid System in Emotional Regulation and Response to Stress

The eCB System in Depression

The eCB System in Anxiety

The eCB System in Bipolar Disorder

The eCB System in Psychosis

Cannabis dependence and mental disorders

Depression

Bipolar Disorder

Anxiety Disorders

Social Phobia

Panic

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Cannabis and Cognitive Deterioration

Amotivational Syndrome

Cannabis and Psychosis.

Personality Disorders

Madrid study on the prevalence of dual pathology in cannabis addicts in treatment

Chapter 8 - Cannabis Use and Cognitive Function

Effects of cannabis on cognition

Tolerance to Effects of Cannabis on Cognitive Functions

Duration, Frequency, and Amount of Cannabis Use

Early Onset Cannabis Use

Effects of Cannabis on Executive Functioning

Attention

Planning and Decision-Making

Verbal Fluency

Working Memory

Verbal Learning and Memory

Cannabis use in adolescents

Additional effect of polysubstance use and psychiatric comorbidity

Polysubstance Use

Psychiatric Comorbidity

Other Comorbidity

Gender differences for the effect of cannabis use on cognitive functions

Treatment

Chapter 9 - Cannabis, Migration, and Psychosis Onset

Cannabis and psychosis

What We Know About Cannabis

The Endocannabinoid Systems

The Epidemiology of Cannabis and Psychosis

Why Cannabis Causes Psychosis

Migration and psychosis

The Migration Phenomena

Types of Migrations

Epidemiology of Migration and Psychosis

Why Does Migration Cause Psychotic Disorders?

Migration, cannabis use, and psychosis onset

Chapter 10 - The Global Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Cannabis Use and Dependence

Details of the burden of disease study methods

Case Definition

Systematic Reviews

DisMod-MR Modelling

Disability Weights

Comorbidity Adjustments

Calculation of YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs

Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA): Cannabis Use as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia

Data on Regular (Weekly or More Frequent) Cannabis Use in the Past Year.

Modelling Earlier Age of Onset of Schizophrenia

Modelling Increased Severity of Schizophrenia

Prevalence of Cannabis Dependence

Burden of Cannabis Dependence

Additional Burden Attributable to Cannabis Use as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia

What Are the Implications of These Findings?

Limitations

Conclusion

Chapter 11 - International Aspects of Cannabis Use and Misuse: the Australian Perspective

Patterns of Cannabis Use in Relation to Other Substance Misuse

Types of Cannabis Products: Availability, Price, and Purity

Indigenous Cannabis Use

A brief history of cannabis law in Australia

Cannabis Law Reform in Australia

The National Task Force on Cannabis

The National Cannabis Policy

Medicinal Cannabis in Australia

Effects of cannabis use on Australian communities

Strategies for reducing misuse

Cannabis Public Information Initiatives

Chapter 12 - International Aspects of Cannabis Use and Misuse: Egypt

Introduction and historical perspectives

Ancient Egypt

Cannabis in Arabic Medicine

Cannabis in Medieval Arab World

Hashish during 18th-20th Centuries

Current status of cannabis use in Egypt

Source of cannabis

Prevalence of factors associated with, and affecting, cannabis abuse

Cannabis abuse in selected population groups

Cannabis Use in Patients with Drug Overdose

Cannabis Use in School and University Students

Cannabis Use in Psychiatric Patients

Cannabis Use in Patients with Other Medical Conditions

Gender and demographic differences in cannabis abuse

Initiation of drug/cannabis abuse

Cigarette smoking and cannabis

Social and economic factors

References.

Chapter 13 - Cannabis Body Packing: A Caribbean Perspective

List of Abbreviation

Body packing as a means of smuggling

Demographics of the drug trade

Demographics of the body packer

Legal considerations

Clinical considerations: symptomatic patients

Acute Toxicity

Bowel Obstruction

Intestinal Perforation

Ethical considerations

Security considerations

Chapter e1 - Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentration and Genetic Characterization of Cannabis

Cannabinoids biosynthesis

Cannabis genome

Genetic markers for forensic identification

Applications of genotyping

II - Personal, social and community aspects of cannabis use

Chapter 14 - Gender Differences in Cannabis Use Disorders

Prevalence of cannabis use and CUD

Clinical features of CUD

Treatment services

Treatment effectiveness

Chapter 15 - The Role of Age in the Onset and Further Development of Cannabis Use Disorders

High-risk age periods for CU and CUD incidence

Young age at CU onset and its association with CUD risk

Empirical Evidence

Methodological Considerations

Possible Explanations for the Association between a Younger Age at First CU and CUD Risk

Escalation of CU

How specific is earlier CU as a risk factor for CUD?

The role of early CU in CUD risk in the context of etiological models for substance use disorders

Adolescence as a Phase of Vulnerability for Addiction

Vulnerability for THC Effects in Adolescence

Impairment of Executive Functions

General Heritable Vulnerability for Disinhibitory Behavior and Psychopathology

Psychosocial Derailment and Problem Accumulation.

Problematic Use Motivation in Early Onset CU.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-78684-992-5

0-12-800827-X

0-12-800756-7