Vitamin D. Volume 2, Health, disease and therapeutics / editors, David Feldman [and five others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Feldman, David, 1939- editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Vitamin D.

Medical Subjects:

Vitamin D.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1,229 pages) : illustrations, tables

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Academic Press, 2018.

Summary:

Vitamin D: Volume 2: Health, Disease and Therapeutics, Fourth Edition, authoritatively covers the evidence for new roles for vitamin D, ranging from cardiovascular disease, to cancer, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and renal disease.This collection represents a who's who of vitamin D research and the coverage is appropriately broad, drawing in internal medicine, orthopedics, oncology and immunology. Clinical researchers will gain a strong understanding of the molecular basis for a particular area of focus.- Offers a comprehensive reference, ranging from basic bone biology, to biochemistry, to the clinical diagnostic and management implications of vitamin D- Saves researchers and clinicians time in quickly accessing the very latest details on the diverse scientific and clinical aspects of Vitamin D, as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles- Chapter authors include the most prominent and well-published names in the field- Targets chemistry, metabolism and circulation, mechanisms of action, mineral and bone homeostasis and vitamin D deficiency- Presents a clinical focus on disorders, analogs, cancer, immunity, inflammation, disease and therapeutic applications

Contents:

Front Cover

VITAMIN D: VOLUME 2: HEALTH, DISEASE AND THERAPEUTICS

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

IN MEMORIAM

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Abbreviations

RELEVANT LAB VALUES IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN

CRITERIA FOR VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY: 25(OH)D SERUM LEVELS

Recommendations for Adults

Recommendations for pediatrics

VII - POPULATION STUDIES: VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, NUTRITION, SUNLIGHT, GENES &amp

TRIALS

58 - Methods of Evaluating Population Studies of Vitamin D: Strengths and Weaknesses

INTRODUCTION

METHODS OF ASSESSING VITAMIN D STATUS

Conceptual Framework of Assessing Long-Term Vitamin D Status

Measures of Circulating 25(OH)Vitamin D

Measures of Vitamin D Intake

Measures of Sun Exposure as a Surrogate of Vitamin D Status

Measures of Predicted 25(OH)Vitamin D Level

Measure of Genetic Variation of Circulating 25(OH)Vitamin D

MAIN CHALLENGES IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF VITAMIN D AND DISEASE

SUMMARY OF STUDY DESIGNS OF VITAMIN D

Ecologic Studies

Cohort Studies

Case-Control Studies

Interventional Studies (Randomized Controlled Trials)

Mendelian Randomization Studies

CONCLUSIONS

References

59 - Worldwide Vitamin D Status

VITAMIN D STATUS IN NORTH AMERICA (INCLUDING CANADA AND MEXICO)

VITAMIN D STATUS IN SOUTH AMERICA

VITAMIN D STATUS IN EUROPE

VITAMIN D STATUS IN MIDDLE EAST

VITAMIN D STATUS IN ASIA

VITAMIN D STATUS IN AFRICA

VITAMIN D STATUS IN OCEANIA

MULTICENTER AND GLOBAL STUDIES USING A CENTRAL LABORATORY FACILITY

ETHNICITY/MIGRATION

NUTRITION

RISK GROUPS

IMPLICATIONS

60 - Vitamin D in Foods: An Evolution of Knowledge

CHALLENGES IN ASSESSING THE VITAMIN D CONTENT OF FOODS.

Different Forms of Vitamin D

Variability Among Samples of the Same Food

Diet of Animals

Innate Differences Within and Between Species or Breeds

UV Exposure

Food Fortification

Analytical Methods

METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR VITAMIN D IN FOODS

Current Methodology

Method Validation and Quality Control

Method Validation

Quality Control

FOOD COMPOSITION DATA

History of Vitamin D Food Composition Data in the United States

Compiling and Maintaining Food Composition Data

Current Food Composition Data

IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

APPENDIX A

61 - Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency From Sun Exposure: A Global Perspective

BACKGROUND

FACTORS AFFECTING 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS

Atmospheric and Environmental Determinants

Geographic Location and Ultraviolet B Doses: Seasonal Variations

Meteorological Factors

Urban Versus Rural Residence

Travel to Sunny Locations in Winter

Endogenous Characteristics

Effect of Age

Obesity

Genetics

Behavioral Determinants

Use of Sunscreen

Shade

Messages to Get UV Exposure Mornings and Afternoons (The Shadow Rule)

Sun Avoidance Because of Concern About Skin Cancer, Melanoma

Occupation (Outdoors vs. Indoors)

Outdoor Recreational Activities

Lack of Knowledge of the Benefits of Vitamin D

Lifestyle Factors Associated With Reduced Sun Exposure

Migration/Migrants

PREDICTING VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

CONCLUSION

62 - Vitamin D Fortification and Supplementation Policies to Correct Vitamin D Insufficiency/Deficiency Globally

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VITAMIN D STATUS

Recommendations for Vitamin D Intake

Dietary Sources of Vitamin D

Natural Sources

Bioaddition

Fortified Foods

Supplements

Dietary Intakes of Vitamin D

The United States.

Measuring D Intakes

STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE NUTRIENT INTAKES

Efficacy of Fortification

Efficacy of Supplement Use

Benefits on Vitamin D Status

Risks

Tools for Safe and Effective Use of Fortified Foods and Dietary Supplements

Setting Upper Levels

Product Labeling

Health Claims on Product Labels

PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES FOR REDUCING D DEFICIENCY

Mandatory Fortification

Country With Mandatory Fortification of Food Staples With Vitamin D: Canada

Country Transitioning Into the Use of Vitamin D-Fortified Staple Foods: Finland

Fortification

Countries Exploring Fortification or Reliant on Traditional Food Sources of Vitamin D: Denmark and Greenland

SUMMARY

63 - Vitamin D and Food Fortification

CURRENT INTAKES OF VITAMIN D IN YOUNG AND ADULT POPULATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AND HOW THESE COMPARE AGAINST DIETARY TA...

DIETARY STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING VITAMIN D INTAKE: BRIDGING THE GAP BY FOOD FORTIFICATION

Traditional Food Fortification With Vitamin D

CONSIDERATION OF OTHER VITAMIN D-FORTIFIED FOODS

Additional Considerations in Relation to Forms of Vitamin D and Addition Amounts for Traditional Fortification

Vitamin D2 Versus Vitamin D3

25-Hydroxyvitamin D Metabolites

VITAMIN D-BIOFORTIFIED FOODS

SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AND PREREQUISITE DATA REQUIRED PRIOR TO INITIATING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES

CONCLUDING REMARKS

64 - Bariatric Surgery, Vitamin D, and Bone Loss

Obesity Epidemic

Bariatric Surgery Is an Effective Treatment for Weight Loss

Indications for Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric Surgery Procedures

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

Adjustable Gastric Banding

Biliopancreatic Diversion With or Without Duodenal Switch

SKELETAL EFFECTS OF BARIATRIC SURGERY.

Bone Turnover Markers

Bone Mass

Sleeve Gastrectomy

Gastric Banding

Bone Microstructure

Fracture Risk

Comparison With Nonsurgical Weight Loss

POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF BONE LOSS

Nutritional Deficiencies: Vitamin D and Calcium

Vitamin D

Preoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency

Postoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency: Mechanisms

Postoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency: Prevalence

Postoperative Vitamin D Dosing Regimens

Calcium

Future Directions

Mechanical Unloading

Loss of Muscle Mass

Adipokines

Leptin

Adiponectin

Sex Steroids

Gut-Derived Hormones

Peptide YY

Ghrelin

Glucagon-like Peptide-1

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide or Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

Bone Marrow Fat

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SKELETAL EFFECTS

Universal Recommendations

Management of Osteoporosis After Bariatric Surgery

Acknowledgments

65 - Genetics of the Vitamin D Endocrine System

Heritability

Molecular Genetic Dissection

From Candidates to Hypothesis-Free

GENETIC STUDIES

Candidate-Gene Association Studies

Genome-Wide Association Studies

Genome-Wide Sequencing

Metaanalysis

Functional Studies

GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES

GWAS on Serum Vitamin D and DBP Levels

The Vitamin D-Binding Protein Gene

Mendelian Randomization With Genome-Wide Association Studies Hits

Vitamin D-Related Genes Identified By Genome-Wide Association Studies

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

66 - Randomized Clinical Trials of Vitamin D for the Primary Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease With a Focus on the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL)

INTRODUCTION.

VITAMIN D AND OMEGA-3 TRIAL STUDY DESIGN

Overview

Aims

Vitamin D Intervention

Recruitment and Eligibility

Follow-Up and Endpoint Determination

Data Analysis and Power

Blood Samples

Ancillary Studies

The Clinical and Translational Science Center Subcohort

BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAL PARTICIPANTS

Validity

Internal Validity

Generalizability

OTHER ONGOING AND RECENTLY COMPLETED LARGE AND MIDSIZED TRIALS OF VITAMIN D

VIII - DISORDERS

67 - Vitamin D Deficiency and Nutritional Rickets in Children

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND NUTRITIONAL RICKETS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES

RADIOLOGIC CHANGES

THE GROWTH PLATE IN RICKETS

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Treatment

Prevention

DIETARY CALCIUM DEFICIENCY

THE PATHOGENETIC SPECTRUM OF NUTRITIONAL RICKETS

68 - Vitamin D and Osteoporosis

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE SKELETON

THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D GENETIC FACTORS IN OSTEOPOROSIS AND POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS WITH VITAMIN D THERAPY

DETERMINING OPTIMAL SERUM 25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ALONE OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY

Conclusion

PRIMARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH VITAMIN D OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D

EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ALONE ON FRACTURES

SINGLE HIGH ANNUAL OR MONTHLY DOSES OF VITAMIN D

PRIMARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D

METAANALYSES

SAFETY

Calcium and Vitamin D

SECONDARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH VITAMIN D OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D

EFFECTS OF ACTIVE VITAMIN D ANALOGS ON FRACTURES

THE ANABOLIC VITAMIN D ANALOGS, 2MD.

THE VITAMIN D ANALOGS, ELDECALCITOL.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

0-12-809964-X