Vitamin D. Volume 1, Biochemistry, physiology and diagnostics / editor-in-chief David Feldman.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Feldman, David, 1939- editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Vitamin D.

Vitamin D--Congresses.

Medical Subjects:

Vitamin D.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1,182 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Academic Press, 2018.

Summary:

Vitamin D: Volume One: Biochemistry, Physiology and Diagnostics, Fourth Edition, presents the latest information from international experts in endocrinology, bone biology and human physiology, taking readers through the basic research of vitamin D.This impressive reference presents a comprehensive review of the multifaceted vitamin D. Researchers from all areas will gain insight into how clinical observations and practices can feed back into the research cycle, thus allowing them to develop more targeted genomic and proteomic insights on the mechanisms of disease.- Offers a comprehensive reference, ranging from basic bone biology, to biochemistry, to the clinical diagnostic and management implications of vitamin D- Saves researchers and clinicians time in quickly accessing the very latest details on the diverse scientific and clinical aspects of Vitamin D, as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles- Targets chemistry, metabolism and circulation, mechanisms of action, mineral and bone homeostasis, human physiology, diagnosis and management, nutrition, sunlight, genetics and vitamin D deficiency- Volume II of this collection presents a clinical focus on disorders, analogs, cancer; immunity, inflammation and disease and therapeutic applications

Contents:

Front Cover

VITAMIN D: VOLUME 1: BIOCHEMISTRY,PHYSIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTICS

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

IN MEMORIAM

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Abbreviations

RELEVANT LAB VALUES IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN

Recommendations for Adults

Recommendations for pediatrics

Approximate normal ranges for serum values in adultsa

Approximate normal ranges for serum values in childrena

Useful equivalencies of different units

I - HISTORY, CHEMISTRY METABOLISM,CIRCULATION &amp

REGULATION

1 - Historical Overview of Vitamin D

DISCOVERY OF THE VITAMINS

Early Nutritional Views

McCollum and Osborne and Mendel's Discovery of Vitamin A and B Complex

History of Rickets

Discovery of Vitamin D

Discovery That Vitamin D Is Not a Vitamin

Isolation and Identification of Nutritional Forms of Vitamin D

DISCOVERY OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D

Intestinal Calcium and Phosphorus Absorption

Mobilization of Calcium From Bone

Renal Reabsorption of Calcium and Phosphorus

Discovery of New Functions of Vitamin D

DISCOVERY OF THE HORMONAL FORM OF VITAMIN D

Early Work of Kodicek

Radiolabeled Vitamin D Experiments

Isolation and Identification of the Active Form of Vitamin D

Proof That 1,25(OH)2D3 Is the Active Form of Vitamin D

Discovery of the Vitamin D Endocrine System

Other Metabolites of Vitamin D

Discovery of the Vitamin D Receptor

Acknowledgment

References

2 - Evolutionary Biology: Mysteries of Vitamin D in Fish

BIOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VITAMIN D

EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF VITAMIN D

EVOLUTION OF VITAMIN D FUNCTION

ORIGIN OF VITAMIN D IN FISH

FUNCTIONAL METABOLISM OF VITAMIN D IN FISH

A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR SUNLIGHT IN THE ORIGIN OF VITAMIN D IN FISH.

VITAMIN D FUNCTION IN FISH

TRANSPORT OF VITAMIN D AND ITS METABOLITES

VITAMIN D TOXICITY FROM ORAL INGESTION

3 - Evolution of Human Skin Color and Vitamin D

INTRODUCTION

THE SOLAR CONTEXT OF HUMAN SKIN COLOR EVOLUTION

THE NATURE OF THE SELECTIVE FACTORS LEADING TO THE EVOLUTION OF SKIN PIGMENTATION IN EARLY HOMO

FOLATE CONSERVATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF PERMANENT PROTECTIVE PIGMENTATION

EARLY HOMININ DISPERSAL OUT OF THE TROPICS AND VITAMIN D PRODUCTION

THE EVOLUTION OF SKIN PIGMENTATION IN HOMO SAPIENS

THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL BUFFERING, RAPID MIGRATIONS, AND MODERN LIFESTYLES ON SKIN COLOR AND VITAMIN D

Further Reading

4 - Photobiology of Vitamin D

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

PHOTOBIOLOGY OF VITAMIN D

Photosynthesis of Vitamin D3

Regulation of Vitamin D Synthesis by Sunlight

Influence of Latitude, Season, and Time of Day on Vitamin D Synthesis

Influence of Sunscreen Use, Melanin, Clothing, Glass, and Plastics on Vitamin D Synthesis

Optimizing Sunscreen Formulation to Enhance Vitamin D Production With Minimal Erythemal Risk

ROLE OF SUNLIGHT AND DIETARY VITAMIN D IN BONE HEALTH, OVERALL HEALTH, AND WELL-BEING

Ultraviolet Devices for Producing Vitamin D

SUNLIGHT, VITAMIN D, AND SKIN CANCER

CONCLUSIONS

5 - The Activating Enzymes of Vitamin D Metabolism (25- and 1α-Hydroxylases)

GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING VITAMIN D HYDROXYLASES

VITAMIN D3-25-HYDROXYLASES

CYP2R1

CYP27A1

Other Cytochrome P450s

25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D-1Α-HYDROXYLASE

ADDITIONAL TOPICS

Crystal Structures and Homology Models of Vitamin D-Related Cytochrome P450s

Inhibitors of Vitamin D-Related Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Future Directions

6 - CYP24A1: Structure, Function, and Physiological Role.

INTRODUCTION

CYP24A1-CATALYZED PATHWAYS

C24-OXIDATION PATHWAY

C23-HYDROXYLATION PATHWAY

CYP24A1, A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ENZYME

BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF THE C24-OXIDATION PATHWAY

STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS

MUTATIONS OF CYP24A1 AND IDIOPATHIC INFANTILE HYPERCALCEMIA

PRECLINICAL MODELS OF IDIOPATHIC INFANTILE HYPERCALCEMIA

PUTATIVE CYP24A1 INVOLVEMENT IN OTHER SYSTEMS

CYP24A1 IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

ROLE OF 24,25(OH)2D IN CHONDROCYTE MATURATION

24,25(OH)2D AND FRACTURE REPAIR

PERSPECTIVES

Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia Diagnosis and Treatment

24,25(OH)2D Supplementation for Fracture Repair

CYP24A1 Inhibitors

7 - The Vitamin D-Binding Protein

SUMMARY

VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN: GENE AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE

Gene

Protein Structure

Polymorphism of Vitamin D-Binding Protein

Posttranslational Modifications

Vitamin D-Binding Protein: Synthesis and Turnover

FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN

Vitamin D Transport

Measurement of Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Serum

Vitamin D-Binding Protein-Null Mice

Megalin- and Megalin-Related Proteins-Null Mice

THE VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN-ACTIN COMPLEX

Role of Vitamin D-Binding Protein in the Actin-Scavenger System

General Features of the Vitamin D-Binding Protein-Actin Structure

Implications for the Actin-Scavenger System

The Role of Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Inflammatory Processes and in the Immune System

CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

8 - Regulation of Renal and Extrarenal 1α-Hydroxylase

RENAL 1Α-HYDROXYLASE

1α-Hydroxylase and the CYP27B1 Gene

Expression of 1α-Hydroxylase in the Kidney

Regulation of Renal 1α-Hydroxylase

Vitamin D Binding Protein, Megalin, and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Bioavailability.

Calcium, Parathyroid Hormone, and Phosphate

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23

Thyroid Hormone

EXTRARENAL EXPRESSION OF 1Α-HYDROXYLASE

Dysregulated Synthesis of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and Human Disease

Subcellular Localization, Substrate Selectivity, and Kinetics of the Macrophage 1α-Hydroxylase

Macrophages Lack the 1α-Hydroxylase Regulatory Pathways Associated With Renal Synthesis of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

Vitamin D Binding Protein and Macrophage Availaibility of Substrate 25-Hydroxyvitamin D

Vitamin D Catabolism and Macrophage 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Production

Macrophage 1α-Hydroxylase Exhibits Responsiveness to Immune Cell Regulators

Cytokines

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

Nitric Oxide

Regulation of 1α-Hydroxylase in Cells Other Than Macrophages

1α-Hydroxylase in the Placenta

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

II - MECHANISM OF ACTION

9 - Genome-Wide Perspectives on Vitamin D Receptor-Mediated Control of Gene Expression in Target Cells

THE BIOLOGY OF VITAMIN D

THE METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF VITAMIN D

OVERVIEW OF THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR: THE PROTEIN, ITS STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION

The Vitamin D Receptor

General Features of Vitamin D Receptor Action

Sites of DNA Binding

Heterodimer Formation With Retinoid X Receptors

The Vitamin D Receptor Functions to Recruit Coregulatory Complexes That Mediate Gene Regulation

The Role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in Activation of Gene Expression Through Vitamin D Receptor

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF VITAMIN D

New Methodological Approaches Provide Genome-Wide Opportunities and Revitalize Transcription Research

New Genome-Scale Concepts of Vitamin D Action

Overarching Principles of Vitamin D Receptor Interaction at Target Cell Genomes.

Genome-Wide Coregulatory Recruitment to Target Genes via the Vitamin D Receptor

Identifying Functional Outcomes in Response to VDR/RXR Binding

The Dynamic Effect of Cellular Differentiation and Disease on the Vitamin D Receptor Cistrome

Linking Vitamin D Receptor Binding to the Expression of Specific Genes

The Problem

Solutions

Characterizing the Regulatory Elements of the CYP24A1 Gene

Characterizing the Regulatory Elements of the Tnfsf11 (RANKL) Gene

Genome-Editing Approaches to Understanding Enhancer Function In Vivo

Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Evaluate the Roles of Enhancers

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Deletion of the 1,25(OH)2D3-Inducible Mmp13 Enhancer In Vivo

ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE REGULATION OF THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR GENE

Important Features of the Vitamin D Receptor Gene

Organization of the VDR Gene

Distribution and Regulation of VDR Gene Expression

Establishing the VDR Gene Locus and Its Regulatory Boundaries

Exploring VDR Gene BAC Clone Activity in Bone Cells

Examining the Expression and Regulation of Mouse and Human VDR BAC Transgenes in Mice In Vivo

Mouse and Human VDR Transgenes Rescue the Aberrant Phenotype of the VDR-Null Mouse

EXPLOITING HUMANIZED VDR TRANSGENIC MICE TO UNDERSTAND EXPRESSION, REGULATION, AND VDR PROTEIN FUNCTION IN VIVO

Vitamin D Receptor Expression Levels In Vivo Are Weak Determinants of Biological Response

Evaluating the Role of Vitamin D Receptor Phosphorylation as a Determinant of Biological Response to 1,25(OH)2D3

ESTABLISHING A HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN DISEASE

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Acknowledgments

10 - Diverse Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation by the Vitamin D Receptor

INTERPLAY BETWEEN TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR Β AND VITAMIN D RECEPTOR SIGNALING.

THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (EBC, viewed December 23, 2017).

ISBN:

0-12-809966-6