Automotive emissions regulations and exhaust aftertreatment systems / John Kasab and Andrea Strzelec.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Kasab, John, author.

Strzelec, Andrea, author.

Series:

Society of Automotive Engineers

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Automobile--Motors--Exhaust gas.

Automobile.

Automobiles--Pollution control devices.

Automobiles.

Environmental engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (445 pages).

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Warrendale, PA : SAE International, [2020]

Summary:

Presents a fundamental development of the science and engineering underlying the design of exhaust aftertreatment systems for automotive internal combustion engines. The book explores the underlying principles, control methods, common problems, and fuel effects on catalytic exhaust aftertreatment devices.

Contents:

Cover

Preface

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1.1 Engine-Operation Fundamentals

1.1.1 Engine Components

1.1.2 The Four-Stroke Cycle

1.1.3 The Two-Stroke Cycle

1.1.4 Performance Parameters

1.1.5 Air-Fuel and Fuel-Air Ratios

1.1.6 Combustion and Reaction Stoichiometry

1.2 Types of Automotive Engines

1.2.1 Spark Ignition Engines

1.2.2 Compression Ignition Diesel Engines

1.2.3 Comparison of SI and CI Engine Operation

1.3 Criteria Pollutants

1.3.1 Sulfur Oxides

1.3.2 Particulate Matter

1.3.3 Carbon Monoxide

1.3.4 Ozone

1.3.5 Nitrogen Oxides

1.3.6 Lead

1.4 Greenhouse Gases

References

CHAPTER 2 Emissions Formation

2.1 Emissions Formation in Internal Combustion Engines

2.2 CI Combustion Emissions

2.3 SI Combustion Emissions

2.4 Nitrogen Oxides

2.4.1 CI Engines

2.4.2 SI Engines

2.4.3 Exhaust Gas Recirculation

2.5 Carbon Monoxide

2.6 Hydrocarbons

2.6.1 Incomplete Combustion-Quenching and Crevices

2.6.2 Hydrocarbon Emissions from CI Engines

2.6.3 Hydrocarbon Emissions from SI Engines

2.7 Particulate Matter

2.7.1 Particulate Formation and Characterization

2.7.2 Sulfur and Sulfur Oxides

2.7.3 Ash

2.8 Aldehydes and Ketones

2.8.1 CI Engines

2.8.2 SI Engines

2.9 Carbon Dioxide

CHAPTER 3 Emissions Control Regulations

3.1 Ambient Air Quality

3.2 Light-Duty Criteria Pollutants

3.2.1 United States (Federal)

3.2.2 California

3.2.3 European Union

3.2.4 Japan

3.2.5 People's Republic of China

3.2.6 India

3.2.7 Brazil

3.2.8 Republic of Korea

3.2.9 Other Countries

3.3 Heavy-Duty Criteria Pollutants

3.3.1 United States (Federal)

3.3.1.1 On-Road Applications:

3.3.1.2 Non-Road Applications:

3.3.2 California

3.3.3 European Union

3.3.3.1 On-Road Applications:.

3.3.3.2 Non-Road Applications:

3.3.4 Japan

3.3.4.1 On-Road Applications:

3.3.4.2 Non-Road Applications:

3.3.5 People's Republic of China

3.3.5.1 On-road Applications:

3.3.5.2 Non-Road Applications:

3.3.6 India

3.3.6.1 On-Road Applications:

3.3.6.2 Non-Road Applications:

3.3.7 Other Countries or Regions

3.4 Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gases

3.4.1 United States (Federal)

3.4.1.1 Fuel Economy Standards:

3.4.1.2 Greenhouse Gas Standards:

3.4.1.3 Monroney Fuel Economy Label:

3.4.2 California

3.4.3 European Union

3.4.4 Japan

3.4.5 People's Republic of China

3.4.6 India

3.4.7 Other Countries

3.5 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gases

3.5.1 United States (Federal)

3.5.1.1 Phase 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standard:

3.5.1.2 Phase 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standard:

3.5.2 California

3.5.3 European Union

3.5.4 Japan

3.5.5 People's Republic of China

3.5.6 India

3.5.7 Other Countries

3.6 Unregulated Emissions

CHAPTER 4 Emissions Testing Protocols

4.1 LDV Test Cycles

4.1.1 US Federal Test Protocol FTP-75

4.1.2 US Highway Fuel Economy Test

4.1.3 US US06 (Supplemental FTP)

4.1.4 US SC03 (Supplemental FTP)

4.1.5 US FTP-75 Cold Cycle

4.1.6 California (US) LA-92

4.1.7 EU NEDC

4.1.8 Japan JC08

4.1.9 World-Harmonized Light-Duty Transient Cycle

4.1.10 Real Driving Emissions

4.1.10.1 RDE in the EU:

4.1.10.2 RDE in Japan:

4.2 Heavy-Duty Engine Test Cycles

4.2.1 Example HDEs

4.2.2 World-Harmonized Heavy-Duty Transient Cycle

4.2.3 World-Harmonized Heavy-Duty Steady-State Cycle

4.2.4 US Heavy-Duty Federal Transient Protocol

4.2.5 US Supplemental Emissions Test and RMC

4.2.6 US NTE Requirement

4.2.7 Non-Road Transient Cycle

4.2.8 Non-Road Steady-State Cycles

4.2.9 European Transient Cycle.

4.2.10 California Low-Load Cycle

4.3 HDV Test Cycles

4.3.1 US Phase 1 GHG Standards

4.3.2 US Phase 2 GHG Standards

4.3.3 EU HDV Cycles

4.3.4 Japan JE05 and Intercity Cycles

4.3.5 China Stage 3 Fuel Consumption

CHAPTER 5 Emissions Measurements

5.1 Gas Analysis Methods and Techniques

5.1.1 Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR) Spectroscopy

5.1.2 Chemiluminescence Detector (CLD)

5.1.3 Flame Ionization Detector (FID)

5.1.4 Magnetic Methods

5.1.5 Fourier-Transform-IR (FTIR) Spectroscopy

5.2 Exhaust Sampling Systems

5.2.1 Dilution Tunnels

5.2.2 Constant Volume Sampling

5.3 Stationary Analysis Strategies for Exhaust Pollutant Species

5.3.1 Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide Measurements

5.3.2 Hydrocarbons Measurement

5.3.3 Oxygen Measurement

5.3.4 Nitrogen Oxides Measurement

5.3.5 Particulate Matter Measurement

5.3.5.1 Gravimetric Methods:

5.3.5.2 Chemical Composition:

5.3.5.3 Particle Number Measurements:

5.3.5.4 Particle Size Measurements:

5.3.5.5 Mitigating Condensed Liquids and Volatiles:

5.3.5.6 Smoke Number and Opacity Measurements:

5.3.5.7 Photoacoustic Measurements:

5.3.6 Aldehydes and Ketones Measurement

5.4 Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS)

5.4.1 Exhaust Flow Meter

5.4.2 Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide Measurement

5.4.3 Hydrocarbons Measurement

5.4.4 Nitrogen Oxides Measurement

5.4.5 Particulate Measurement

5.4.6 Position Measurement and Power Requirements

CHAPTER 6 Sensors and On-Board Diagnostics

6.1 Sensors

6.1.1 Temperature Sensors

6.1.2 Pressure Sensors

6.1.3 Oxygen (λ) Sensors

6.1.4 Nitrogen Species Sensors

6.1.4.1 Nitrogen Oxides Sensors:

6.1.4.2 Ammonia Sensors:

6.1.5 Hydrocarbon Sensors

6.1.6 Particulates Sensors

6.1.7 Urea-Water Solution Sensors.

6.1.7.1 Urea-Water Solution Temperature Sensor:

6.1.7.2 Urea-Water Solution Level Sensor:

6.1.7.3 Urea Quality Sensor:

6.2 Model-Based Control and Feedback

6.3 On-Board Diagnostics Requirements

6.3.1 On-Board Diagnostics Performance and Testing

6.3.2 On-Board Diagnostics Rules

6.3.2.1 United States and California Light-Duty Vehicle On-Board Diagnostics:

6.3.2.2 United States and California Heavy-Duty Vehicle On-Board Diagnostics:

6.3.2.3 European Union Light-Duty Vehicle On-Board Diagnostics:

6.3.2.4 European Union Heavy-Duty Vehicle On-Board Diagnostics:

6.3.2.5 China Light-Duty Vehicle On-Board Diagnostics:

6.3.2.6 China Heavy-Duty Vehicle On-Board Diagnostics:

6.3.2.7 Japan Light-Duty Vehicle J-OBD:

6.3.2.8 India Light-Duty Vehicle On-Board Diagnostics:

CHAPTER 7 Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems Overview

7.1 Overview of EAS Function

7.2 Catalytic Chemistry Concepts

7.2.1 Catalytic Converters

7.2.1.1 Catalyst:

7.2.1.2 Washcoat:

7.2.1.3 Substrate:

7.2.1.4 Canning:

7.2.2 Chemical Reactions

7.2.2.1 Stoichiometry:

7.2.2.2 Conversion:

7.2.2.3 Yield and Selectivity:

7.2.3 Catalyst Terminology

7.2.3.1 Catalytic Activity and Light-Off:

7.2.3.2 Catalyst Aging and Degradation:

7.2.3.3 Space Velocity:

7.2.3.4 Pressure Drop:

7.2.4 Catalyst Screening

7.2.5 Zeolite Catalysts

7.3 Transport Phenomena within the Exhaust Aftertreatment System

7.3.1 Fluid Dynamics and Pressure Drop

7.3.2 Heat Transfer and Thermal Management

7.3.2.1 Warm-Up and Keep-Warm Strategies:

7.3.2.2 High Temperature Mitigation:

7.3.3 Mass Transfer

7.4 Exhaust Aftertreatment System Sizing, Packaging, and Configuration

7.5 Example Systems

7.5.1 Light-Duty Spark Ignition

7.5.2 Light-Duty Diesel

7.5.3 Light Heavy-Duty Diesel.

7.5.4 Medium Heavy-Duty Diesel

7.5.5 Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel

CHAPTER 8 Oxidation Catalysts

8.1 Oxidation Reaction Chemistry

8.1.1 Diesel Oxidation Catalysts

8.1.2 Warm-up Strategies

8.2 Catalyst Formulations

8.2.1 Platinum

8.2.2 Palladium

8.2.3 Comparison of Materials

8.2.4 Mixed Metal Compositions

8.2.5 Alternatives to PGM

8.3 Washcoat Function and Substrates

8.4 Failure Modes

CHAPTER 9 Three-Way Catalysts

9.1 Three-Way Catalyst Functions

9.1.1 Reduction and Oxidation Chemistry

9.1.2 Warm-up Strategies

9.1.3 Transient Behavior

9.2 Catalyst Formulations

9.2.1 Platinum

9.2.2 Palladium

9.2.3 Rhodium

9.2.4 Compositions

9.2.5 Alternatives to PGM

9.3 Oxygen Storage Capacity and Thermal Stability

9.4 Control System

9.5 Substrates

9.5.1 Pellets

9.5.2 Monoliths

9.6 Durability

CHAPTER 10 Lean NOx Traps

10.1 Lean NOx Trap (LNT) Function

10.1.1 NOx Trapping during Lean Operation

10.1.2 NOx Reduction to Nitrogen

10.1.3 Ammonia Generation

10.1.4 Additional Functions

10.2 Catalyst Formulations

10.3 Other Washcoat Functionality and Substrates

10.4 LNT Failure Modes

CHAPTER 11 Particulate Filters

11.1 Particulate Matter

11.2 Particulate Filter Functions

11.2.1 Mechanical Filtration

11.2.2 Regeneration

11.2.2.1 Oxidation of Soot with Oxygen:

11.2.2.2 Oxidation of Soot with Nitrogen Dioxide:

11.2.2.3 Active Regeneration:

11.2.2.4 Passive Regeneration:

11.3 Filter Materials

11.3.1 Substrates

11.3.1.1 Cordierite:

11.3.1.2 Silicon Carbide:

11.3.1.3 Other Materials:

11.3.2 Catalysts and Washcoat

11.4 Diesel Particulate Filters

11.5 Gasoline Particulate Filters

11.6 Ash by C. Justin Kamp

11.6.1 Ash Characteristics.

11.6.1.1 Ash Formation and Transport:.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781523140497

1523140496

9780768099560

0768099560

OCLC:

1434176476