The Safety of Controllers, Sensors, and Actuators / Juan Pimentel.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Pimentel, Juan, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Automated guided vehicle systems--Safety measures.

Automated guided vehicle systems.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (222 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Other Title:

Safety of Controllers, Sensors, and Actuators

Place of Publication:

Warrendale, Pennsylvania : SAE International, 2019.

Summary:

Addresses the concept of safety for self-driving vehicles through the inclusion of 10 recent and highly relevent SAE technical papers. Topics covered include risk reduction techniques in semiconductor-based systems, component certification, and safety assessment and audits for vehcicle components.

Contents:

Cover

Table of Contents

Introduction

CHAPTER 1 Sensor ICs, Semiconductors and Safety

Standard-IC Challenges

Cost vs. Performance Tradeoffs

Implementing Safety Features

CHAPTER 2 Calculation of Failure Detection Probability on Safety Mechanisms of Correlated Sensor Signals According to ISO 26262

Diagnostic Function

Safety Requirement

Safety Mechanism

Definition of Sensor Deviations

Definition of Sensor Safety Mechanism Deviations

Diagnostic Coverage Figures

Basic Principle to Calculate Detection Probability

Detection Probability Calculation with Sensor Deviations

Availability Gap

Non Availability Caused by Safe-Faults in Channel 1

Non Availability Caused by Faults in Channel 2

Improvement Potentials

Improve Sensor Accuracy

Optimize Safety Mechanism Limit

Summary/Conclusions

Contact Information

Acknowledgments

Definitions/Abbreviations

References

CHAPTER 3 Towards Fail-Operational Systems on Controller Level Using Heterogeneous Multicore SoC Architectures and Hardware Support

Related Work and Environment

Concept

Implementation

Hardware Platform

Mapping of the Architecture

Dynamic Behavior

Realization of the State Transfer Entity

Fault Injection

Experimental Results

Summary

CHAPTER 4 Fail-Operational Safety Architecture for ADAS Systems Considering Domain ECUs

Safety Architecture Mechanisms

Fail-Safe Safety Architecture

Fail-Operational Safety Architectures

1-Out-Of-2 Safety Architecture (1oo2)

2-Out-Of-3 Safety Architecture (2oo3)

Fail-Operational Safety Architectures for Conventional Systems Considering Domain ECUs with Multicore Processors.

Fail-Operational Safety Architectures for ADAS Systems Considering Domain ECUs with Multicore Processors

Fail-Operational Approach for ADAS

Sensor Redundancy/Mapping of Functions to Sensors

Electronic Control Unit Redundancy/HW Redundancy

Conclusions

CHAPTER 5 Calculating System Failure Rates Using Field Return Data. Application of SAE-J3083 for Functional Safety and Beyond

1. Introduction

2. Modeling System Reliability

2.1 Failure Rate and Distribution Assumptions

2.2 Failure Rate and Distribution Assumptions

3. Calculating Failure Rates

3.1 Simplified Calculations

3.2 Statistical Confidence Intervals on Failure Rates

3.3 Sources for Failure Data and the Required Info

4. Operating Time in the Field and Usage Data

5. Components Classification and Grouping

6. Data Analysis and Failure Rate Calculations

6.1 Data Analysis Checklist

6.2 Process Flow

6.3 Analysis of a Complete Data Set

6.4 Data Approximation

7. Case Study

8. Comparison of SAE-J3083 with the Handbooks Based Methods

CHAPTER 6 Calculating Probability Metric for Random Hardware Failures (PMHF) in the New Version of ISO 26262 Functional Safety - Methodology and Case Studies

ISO 26262 and the Concept of PMHF

PMHF and Basic Reliability Calculations

Case Study

A. Appendix

CHAPTER 7 Unsettled Topics Concerning Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles

Contributors

State of the Industry

Unsettled Domains in Automated Vehicle Sensors

Sensor Terminology and Taxonomy

Importance and Scope of Vocabulary.

Frames of Reference

Types of Vehicle Sensors

Sensor Boundaries Unclear

Fields of Coverage

Other Terminological Issues

Need for a General Glossary

Recommendations

Testing, Simulation, and Calibration of Sensors

Importance of Testing

Industry-Wide Alignment of Sensor Testing

Benefits from Standardized Testing

Benefits from Standardized Simulation

Fidelity in Sensor Simulation

Other Issues

Adjacent Initiatives and Further Considerations

Need for a Working Committee

Integrity, Robustness, and Security of Sensors

Importance of Integrity, Robustness, and Security

Security Aspects for Sensors

Robustness Regarding Scalability

Robustness Regarding Disturbances

Integrity

Need for a New Sensor Standard

Outlook of Data Ownership and Privacy

Need for Common Practices

SAE EDGE™ Research Reports

Next Steps for ADS Sensors

Contact Inform ation

Abbreviations/Definitions

Professional References

CHAPTER 8 Model-Driven Approach for Dependent Failure Analysis in Consideration of Multicore Processors Using Modified EAST-ADL

Description of the Approach

Approach of System and Safety Modeling

Approach of DFA-Analysis

A. Necessary Developments of EAST-ADL for the DFA Analysis

B. Description of DFA-Analysis and Safety Analysis

C. Use-Case and Reports

CHAPTER 9 Evaluation of Parallel Executions on Multiple Virtual ECU Systems

Multiple Virtual ECU System

Issues and Approach for Virtual Multiple ECUs

Multiple ECU Cooperative Simulation

vECUCAN-BUS

D-EIPF

Proposed Configuration.

Results

Deadlock Investigation and Measurement

Executions Speed

CHAPTER 10 Bayesian Test Design for Reliability Assessments of Safety-Relevant Environment Sensors Considering Dependent Failures

Background: Reliability Assessment of Automotive Environment Perception

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing for Sensor Reliability Assessment

Performance Evaluation of NHST

Alternatives to NHST for Reliability Assessments

Bayesian Methodology for Empirical Perception Reliability Assessments of Environment Sensors

Statistical Model

Mathematical Representation of Dependent Errors

Considering a Non-Stationary Error Rate

Bayesian Reliability Assessment and Test Effort Estimation

Assessing the Reliability of a Multi-Sensor System

Case study: Empirically Demonstrating the Perception Reliability of Environment Sensors

Estimating the Necessary Test Drive Effort

Evaluating Hypothetical Test Results

Influence of Error Dependence on Multi-Sensor Based Machine Vision

Discussion

Appendix.

Notes:

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (SAE International, viewed March 16, 2023).

ISBN:

9781523140404

1523140402

9780768002966

0768002966

9780768002959

0768002958

OCLC:

1302008183