Salt marshes : function, dynamics, and stresses / edited by Duncan M. FitzGerald, Boston University, Zoe J. Hughes, Boston University.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

FitzGerald, Duncan M., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Salt marshes.

Salt marsh ecology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xii, 486 pages) : digital, PDF file(s).

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2021.

Summary:

Salt marshes are highly dynamic and important ecosystems that dampen impacts of coastal storms and are an integral part of tidal wetland systems, which sequester half of all global marine carbon. They are now being threatened due to sea-level rise, decreased sediment influx, and human encroachment. This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest salt marsh science, investigating their functions and how they are responding to stresses through formation of salt pannes and pools, headward erosion of tidal creeks, marsh-edge erosion, ice-fracturing, and ice-rafted sedimentation. Written by experts in marsh ecology, coastal geomorphology, wetland biology, estuarine hydrodynamics, and coastal sedimentation, it provides a multidisciplinary summary of recent advancements in our knowledge of salt marshes. The future of wetlands and potential deterioration of salt marshes is also considered, providing a go-to reference for graduate students and researchers studying these coastal systems, as well as marsh managers and restoration scientists.

Contents:

Cover

Half-title

Title page

Copyright information

Contents

List of Contributors

Acknowledgments

1 State of Salt Marshes

References

Part I Marsh Function

2 Salt Marsh Distribution, Vegetation, and Evolution

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Distribution

2.3 Methods of Analysis

2.4 Morphodynamics

2.4.1 Geomorphology

2.4.2 Processes of Aggradation

2.4.3 Processes of Degradation

2.5 Vegetation and Ecosystems

2.6 Environmental Evolution and Stratigraphy

2.7 Conclusions

3 Salt Marsh Formation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Conditions Conducive to Salt Marsh Formation and Expansion

3.3 Salt Marsh Classification

3.4 Fringing Salt Marsh

3.5 Patch Salt Marsh

3.6 Deltaic Salt Marsh

3.7 Salt Marsh Restoration and Rehabilitation

3.8 Conclusions

4 Salt Marsh Hydrodynamics

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Salt Marsh Platforms and Channel Networks: an Intertwined System

4.3 Hydrodynamics: Tidal Flows

4.4 Relevant Indicators of Hydrodynamics and Morphology

4.5 Mutual Interactions between Hydrodynamics and Vegetation

4.5.1 Drag, Turbulence, and Marsh Vegetation

4.5.2 Patches, Patterns, and Hydrodynamics

4.5.3 Storm Surge,Wave Attenuation, and Marsh Vegetation

4.5.4 Vegetation and Flow in Tidal Channels

4.5.5 Wave Dynamics and Sediment Remobilization

4.6 Conclusions

5 Community Ecology of Salt Marshes

5.1 Bottom-up Processes

5.1.1 Physiological Controls

5.1.2 Variation in Primary Production

5.1.3 Secondary Production and Food Webs

5.1.4 Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning

5.2 Top-down Processes

5.2.1 Herbivory

5.2.2 Predation

5.2.3 Disease and Parasitism

5.2.4 Interaction of Top-down and Bottom-up Factors

5.3 Non-trophic Processes

5.3.1 Behavior

5.3.2 Competition.

5.3.3 Facilitation and Mutualism

5.3.4 Ecosystem Engineering

5.3.5 Disturbance

5.4 Scaling-up

5.4.1 Scaling-up to the Landscape

5.4.2 Geographic Patterns

5.5 Human Alterations of Salt Marsh Ecology in the Anthropocene

Acknowledgements

6 The Role of Marshes in Coastal Nutrient Dynamics and Loss

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Key Considerations in Salt Marsh Nutrient Dynamics

6.3 Nitrogen

6.3.1 Inputs

6.3.1.1 Surface and Groundwater Inputs from Adjacent Watersheds

6.3.1.2 Atmospheric Deposition

6.3.1.3 N-fixation

6.3.2 N Stocks in Vegetation and Sediments

6.3.3 Sediment Sinks and Atmospheric Losses

6.3.4 Exchanges of Inorganic and Organic N with Adjacent Systems

6.4 Phosphorus

6.4.1 Inputs

6.4.2 Watershed Inputs

6.4.3 Atmospheric Deposition

6.4.4 Stocks and Forms

6.4.4.1 Vegetation

6.4.4.2 Sediments

6.4.4.3 P Cycling with the Sediments

6.4.4.4 P Exchanges

6.5 Silicon

6.5.1 Overview

6.5.2 Inputs

6.5.3 Atmospheric Deposition, Freshwater, and Groundwater

6.5.4 Silica Stocks in Sediment

6.5.5 Silica Stocks in Vegetation

6.5.5.1 Aboveground Vegetation

6.5.5.2 Belowground Vegetation

6.5.5.3 Why do BSi Concentrations in Salt Marsh Vegetation Vary?

6.5.6 Si Exchange with Adjacent Estuarine and Marine Systems

6.6 Estuarine Nutrient Exchanges - Summary

Part II Marsh Dynamics

7 Marsh Equilibrium Theory: Implications for Responses to Rising Sea Level

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Model Description

7.2.1 Inundation Time

7.2.2 Inorganic Sediment Deposition

7.2.3 Biovolume Production

7.2.4 Bulk Density

7.2.5 Limits to Vertical Accretion - Mineral Sediment

7.2.6 Limits to Vertical Accretion - Organic Matter

7.3 Conclusions

References.

8 Salt Marsh Ecogeomorphic Processes and Dynamics

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Salt Marsh Landscape

8.3 Ecological Engineers in Marshes

8.3.1 Ecological Stabilizers

8.3.1.1 Vegetation

8.3.1.2 Biofilms and Macrophytobenthos

8.3.1.3 Oysters/Clams/Mussels

8.3.2 Ecological Destabilizers

8.3.2.1 Crab Bioturbation

8.3.2.2 Snail Disturbance

8.3.2.3 Fish Disturbance

8.3.2.4 Waterfowl Disturbance

8.3.2.5 Disturbance by Mammals

8.4 Landscape Evolution and Dynamics

8.4.1 Influence of Vegetation on Creek Formation and Dynamics

8.4.2 Influence of Fauna on Creek Morphology and Dynamics

8.5 Concluding Remarks

9 Salt Marsh Sediments as Recorders of Holocene Relative Sea-Level Change

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Sedimentation vs. Relative Sea-level Change

9.2.1 Sedimentation in Salt Marshes

9.2.2 Salt Marsh Evolution

9.3 Reconstructing Relative Sea Level

9.3.1 Salt Marsh Settings and Field Methods

9.3.2 Sample Elevation

9.3.3 Indicative Meaning

9.3.3.1 Plants as Sea-Level Indicators

9.3.3.2 Microfossils as Sea-Level Indicators

9.3.3.3 Transfer Functions

9.3.3.4 Sediment Biogeochemistry as a Sea-Level Indicator

9.3.4 Dating Salt Marsh Sediment

9.3.5 Types of Relative Sea-Level Reconstruction

9.4 Case Studies

9.4.1 Maine, USA

9.4.2 Gulf of Mexico, Florida, USA

9.4.3 New Zealand

9.4.4 Oregon, USA

9.5 Concluding Remarks

10 Storm Processes and Salt Marsh Dynamics

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Stratigraphic Evidence of Storms in Marshes

10.3 Modern Storm Impacts on Marshes

10.4 Marsh Attenuation of Storm Waves and Surge

10.5 Regional Setting

10.6 Summary

Plates

11 Understanding Marsh Dynamics: Modeling Approaches

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Vertical Models.

11.3 A Generalized Vertical Model

11.4 Two-Dimensional Transect Models

11.5 Simplified Planar and Three-Dimensional Models

11.6 High Resolution Three-Dimensional Models

11.7 Case Study: The Virginia Coast Reserve, USA

11.8 Future Research Needs

12 Understanding Marsh Dynamics: Laboratory Approaches

12.1 Above the Bed: Biogenic Roughness and Fluid Flows

12.1.1 Live Vegetation in Laboratory Investigation

12.1.1.1 Flow Structure Effects

12.1.1.2 Plant Morphology

12.1.2 Mimic Representations of Vegetation in Flume Experiments

12.1.2.1 Designing Mimics for Laboratory Investigations

12.1.2.2 Canopy Construction

12.1.3 Representing Complete Communities or Ecosystems

12.1.4 Non-Vegetation Biogenic Roughness

12.2 At the Bed: Bed Stability, Sediment Transport and Sediment-Water Interface Exchanges

12.2.1 Biostabilization

12.2.1.1 Establishing Laboratory Biofilms

12.2.1.2 Biofilm Health and Function

12.2.1.3 Research Trajectory

12.2.2 Bioturbation

12.2.2.1 Effects on Sediment Geotechnical Properties

12.2.2.2 Bed Roughness Changes

12.2.2.3 Bed Stability

12.2.2.4 Surface Assessment of Salt Marsh Bioturbation

12.2.2.5 Within Bed Assessments of Bioturbation

12.2.3 Solid-Transmitted Stress

12.3 Within the Bed: the Hidden Processes

12.3.1 Burrow Structures and Complexity

12.3.2 Root Stabilization

12.4 Discussion: Integrating a Multi-layer Problem

12.4.1 Scaling-up and Projecting Forward: Utilizing Laboratory Results to Interpret Marsh Environments

12.4.2 Future Scenarios

Part III Marsh Response to Stress

13 Climatic Impacts on Salt Marsh Vegetation

13.1 Temperature

13.1.1 Productivity/Biomass

13.1.2 Effect on Decomposition

13.1.3 Net Effect on Productivity vs Decomposition and Interactions.

13.1.4 Change in Species Composition, Diversity

13.1.5 Mangrove Expansion

13.1.6 Drought

13.1.7 Effect of Temperature on Accretion

13.1.8 Summary

13.2 Sea-Level Rise

13.2.1 Increased Biomass

13.2.2 Decomposition

13.2.3 Species Composition

13.2.4 Elevation Change

13.2.5 Habitat Resilience

13.2.6 Summary

13.3 Salinity

13.3.1 Plant Adaptations to Salinity

13.3.2 Decreased Production

13.3.3 Root Response

13.3.4 Decreased Stem Height and Density

13.3.5 Decreased Stem Elongation

13.3.6 Increased Decomposition/Soil Organic Matter

13.3.7 Interactions

13.3.8 Summary

13.4 Carbon Dioxide

13.4.1 Productivity

13.4.2 Long-Term Effect

13.4.3 Decomposition

13.4.4 Elevation Change

13.4.5 Interactions

13.4.6 Summary

13.5 Changes in Freshwater, Nutrient, and Sediment Inputs

13.5.1 Summary

13.6 Net Effect of MultiFactored Climate Change

14 Impacts of Exotic and Native Species Invading Tidal Marshes

14.1 Introduction

14.1.1 Problems Invaders Can Cause in Tidal Marshes

14.1.2 Marsh Systems and Invader Effects

14.2 Plant Invaders

14.2.1 Phragmites australis, Common Reed

14.2.2 Spartina Species, Cordgrass

14.2.3 Lepidium latifolium, Perennial Pepperweed

14.3 Invading Fauna

14.3.1 Vertebrates

14.3.2 Invertebrates

14.4 Microbe Invaders

14.5 Approaches and Further Research to Control Current and Future Invasions

15 Marsh Edge Erosion

15.1 Salt Marshes and Ecosystem Services

15.2 Processes Promoting Salt Marsh Bank Erosion

15.2.1 Mechanisms of Lateral Retreat

15.2.2 Hydrodynamic Forcing

15.2.3 Effect of Vegetation

15.2.4 Human-Induced Processes

15.3 Modelling Strategies

15.3.1 Conceptual Models

15.3.2 Observational and Experimental-Based Prediction of Marsh Edge Evolution.

15.3.3 Modelling Mass Failures.

Notes:

Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 18 Jun 2021).

ISBN:

1-316-95306-8

1-316-94683-5

1-316-88893-2

OCLC:

1295272588