Biomedical innovations to combat COVID-19 edited by Sergio Rosales-Mendoza, Mauricio Comas-Garcia and Omar Gonzalez-Ortega

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Rosales Mendoza, Sergio

Comas García, Mauricio

González-Ortega, Omar

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

COVID-19 (Disease)--Treatment.

COVID-19 (Disease).

COVID-19 (Disease)--Diagnosis.

Physical Description:

1 online resource

Place of Publication:

London Academic Press [2022]

Contents:

Front Cover

Biomedical Innovations to Combat COVID-19

Copyright Page

Contents

List of contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Basic virological aspects of SARS-CoV-2

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Genome organization and function

1.2.1 Genome organization

1.2.2 Genome function

1.3 Viral entry

1.3.1 Virus-cell interaction

1.3.2 Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

1.4 Genome replication and translation

1.4.1 Replication and transcription

1.4.2 Translation

1.5 Assembly

1.5.1 Virus-induced cell remodeling

1.5.2 Virion assembly

1.6 Egress

1.6.1 A novel egress pathway

1.7 General aspects of the immune response to a viral infection

1.7.1 Type I interferon and the antiviral state

1.7.2 Dendritic cells

1.7.3 Natural killer cells

1.7.4 Macrophages

1.7.5 Cellular immune response

1.7.6 The humoral immune response

1.8 Concluding remarks

References

2 Fundamental aspects of the structural biology of coronaviruses

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The structural proteins

2.2.1 Envelope protein

2.2.2 Nucleocapsid protein

2.2.3 Membrane protein

2.2.4 Spike protein

2.3 The viral proteases

2.3.1 Main protease

2.3.2 Papain-like protease

2.4 The accessory proteins

2.4.1 Protein 3a

2.4.2 Protein 7a

2.4.3 Protein 8

2.4.4 Protein 9b

2.5 Concluding remarks

3 Introduction to the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 epidemiology

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Epidemiology

3.3 Clinical characteristics

3.3.1 Definition of a suspected case established by the WHO

3.4 Impact of COVID-19

3.5 Infection in pediatrics

3.6 Vitamin D and COVID-19

3.7 Epidemiology analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak

3.8 Immune response and reinfections

3.9 SARS-CoV-2 variants

3.10 Closing remarks

References

4 Structural biology of the SARS-CoV-2 replisome: evolutionary and therapeutic implications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2

4.3 The SARS-CoV-2 replisome: expanding knowledge through structural biology

4.4 The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

4.5 Nsp7 and nsp8 processivity actors

4.6 Nsp13 helicase

4.7 Nsp14 exonuclease and N7-methyltransferase

4.8 Nsp9 single-stranded RNA-binding protein

4.9 Nsp10-nsp14 and nsp16 cofactor

4.10 The nonenzymatic synthesis of nucleosides and their derivatives: from the prebiotic chemistry to therapeutic agents

4.11 On the origin and early evolution of RNA viruses and SARS-CoV-2

4.12 The emergence of new infectious diseases by zoonoses

4.13 Conclusion

5 Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19: the impact of the pandemic in Latin America

5.1 Introduction

5.2 COVID-19-associated pathogenesis

5.2.1 The SARS-CoV-2 effect on multiple organs is associated with ACE2 expression

5.2.2 Underlying comorbidities and lethality

5.2.3 The clinical usefulness of clustering symptoms

5.3 COVID-19 behavior in Latin America

5.3.1 Viral outbreaks in Latin America

5.3.2 Latin America: the epicenter of COVID-19

5.3.3 Underlying comorbidities in Latin America

5.3.4 Most common COVID-19 symptoms in Latin America

5.4 COVID-19 in Mexico

5.4.1 COVID-19 in Mexico: lethality, comorbidities and symptoms

5.5 Remarks

6 Overview of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Virion structure

6.3 Viral cycle

6.3.1 Transcription and translation

6.3.2 Replication complex of SARS-CoV-2

6.3.3 Egress

6.4 Protein organization of SARS-CoV-2

6.4.1 Spike protein

6.4.2 Nucleocapsid protein

6.5 The innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2

6.5.1 Evasion mechanisms

6.6 The immune response against SARS-CoV-2

6.6.1 Humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection

6.7 Neutralizing antibodies

6.8 Immunopathology of COVID-19

6.9 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Conflicts of interest

7 Viral-vectored vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Development of COVID-19 vaccines

7.2.1 COVID-19 vaccines breaking record times to first-in-human trials

7.2.2 Classical versus next-generation vaccine platforms

7.2.2.1 Classical vaccine platforms

7.2.2.2 Next-generation vaccine platforms

7.2.3 COVID-19 vaccine pipelines in clinical evaluation and viral-vectored vaccines

7.2.4 Leading viral-vectored vaccine candidates in Phase III trial

7.3 Concluding remarks

8 RNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Principles of mRNA vaccines

8.3 Liposomes as vaccine delivery vehicles

8.3.1 Synthesis of liposomes

8.3.2 Modification of liposomes

8.4 The mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna Inc

8.4.1 SARS-CoV-2-S-2P mRNA synthesis and lipid nanoparticle formulation

8.4.2 Preclinical trial: mouse studies

8.4.3 Phase I

8.4.4 Preclinical trial: nonhuman primates

8.4.5 Phase I: older adults

8.4.6 Phase III

8.5 BNT162b1 and BNT162b2 vaccines developed by Pfizer and BioNTech

8.5.1 Preclinical trial

8.5.2 Phase I/II

8.5.2.1 German trial (NCT04380701, EudraCT:2020-001038-36)

8.5.3 Phase I trial including older adults and BNT162b2

8.5.3.1 ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT04368728

8.5.4 Decision between the two vaccine candidates BNT162

8.5.5 Phase II/III: BNT162b2

8.6 CVnCoV vaccine developed by CureVac

8.6.1 Preclinical trials

8.6.2 Mice

8.6.3 Syrian hamster

8.6.4 Rhesus macaques

8.6.5 Phase I

8.7 Concluding remarks and perspectives

9 Particulate vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 The COVID-19 pandemic

9.1.2 A severe contagious disease

9.1.3 Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2

9.2 Vaccines in development

9.2.1 Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

9.2.2 Vaccines in clinical trials

9.2.3 On the vaccines under development

9.3 Particulate vaccines

9.3.1 Definitions and existing reports

9.3.2 Benefits of nanovaccines and considerations

9.4 Vaccines based on lipid nanoparticles

9.5 Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers

9.5.1 Composition and synthesis

9.5.2 Gold, silver, and iron oxide nanoparticles

9.6 Nanovaccines against SARS-CoV-2

9.7 Concluding remarks

10 Virus-like particle-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Potential of VLP-based vaccines

10.3 HBV vaccines

10.4 HEV vaccines

10.5 HPV vaccines

10.6 Precedents of VLP-based vaccines against human coronaviruses

10.7 VLP-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

10.8 Concluding remarks

Funding

11 Innovative recombinant protein-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

11.1 Introduction

11.2 SARS-CoV, the vaccines proposed before COVID-19

11.3 Current vaccines proposed for SARS-CoV-2

11.4 Vaccine platforms implemented for SARS-CoV-2

11.5 SARS-CoV-2 protein-based vaccines

11.6 The rational design of the antigen by bioinformatics strategies

11.7 Current vaccine candidates based on recombinant proteins

11.8 The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine

11.9 Preclinical trials

11.9.1 Mouse studies

11.10 Nonhuman primates studies

11.10.1 Olive baboons

11.10.2 Cynomolgus macaques

11.11 Clinical trials

11.12 The VAT00002 vaccine

11.12.1 Clinical trial

11.13 The ZF2001 vaccine

11.13.1 Clinical trial

11.14 Efforts to develop a vaccine in Mexico

11.15 Concluding remarks and perspectives

Notes:

Print version record

Other Format:

Print version:

Print version Biomedical innovations to combat COVID-19

Print version BIOMEDICAL INNOVATIONS TO COMBAT COVID-19

ISBN:

9780323902496

0323902499

OCLC:

1277276275

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license