The hidden life of the basal ganglia : at the base of brain and mind / Hagai Bergman, The MIT Press.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bergman, Hagai, author.

Contributor:

EBSCOhost.

Gail and Warren Lieberfarb Mental Health and Neuroscience Library Resources Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Basal ganglia--Physiology.

Basal ganglia.

Basal ganglia--Diseases.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1 volume.)

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, Massachusetts : The MIT Press, [2021]

System Details:

text file

Contents:

1 The Basal Ganglia: Why and Where? p. 3

Why Should We Study the Basal Ganglia? p. 3

Gross Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia p. 4

Basal Ganglia Volumes p. 7

"Tell Me Who Are Your Friends?": The Cortex and Thalamus p. 7

A Cord of Three Motor Strands Is Not Quickly Broken: The Cerebellum p. 11

Emotion and Motion: The Papez Limbic Circuit p. 12

Form and Function p. 13

2 Cellular Anatomy and Biochemistry of the Basal Ganglia p. 15

The Cortex p. 15

The Striatum p. 16

The Subthalamic Nucleus p. 18

GPe, GPi, and SNr p. 19

The Thalamus p. 21

The Basal Ganglia in Numbers p. 22

Number of Neurons outside the Hard Core of the Basal Ganglia p. 23

The Other Half: The Glia p. 25

3 The Synaptic Connections of the Basal Ganglia Network p. 27

The Synaptic Map of the Feedforward Connectivity of the Basal Ganglia p. 28

Lateral Connectivity in the Basal Ganglia p. 33

Feedback and Reciprocal Connectivity in the Main Axis of the Basal Ganglia p. 34

Convergence/Divergence of Basal Ganglia Connectivity p. 36

Convergence, Divergence, Again and Again p. 37

4 Computational Modeling of Brain and Behavior p. 39

Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Approaches p. 39

Hierarchical Levels of Understanding of the Nervous System p. 40

5 Principles of Neurophysiological Data Acquisition p. 43

Electrodes, Frequency Domains, and Types of Neurophysiological Data p. 43

The Black Magic of Neurophysiology Recording p. 46

Spike Detection, Spike Sorting, and Isolation Quality p. 49

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain p. 51

Inactivation of Brain Activity p. 53

What Was Left Out? p. 54

6 Principles of Neurophysiological Analysis p. 61

Temporal and Frequency Domains and Neurophysiological Data Analysis p. 61

Time Domain Analysis of Rate and Pattern of Spontaneous Activity p. 62

Frequency Domain Analysis of Discharge Pattern p. 63

Pairwise Correlations Analysis of Synchronization of Spontaneous Activity p. 65

Effective Connectivity in the Brain and the Sensitivity of Cross-Correlation Analysis p. 66

Cross-Correlation Analysis of Spike Trains of Neighboring Neurons p. 68

Coherence: Frequency Domain Analysis of Neuronal Synchronization p. 69

Analysis of Evoked Activity p. 69

Advanced Analysis Topics p. 71

II Computational Physiology of the Healthy Basal Ganglia

7 Physiology of the Basal Ganglia p. 77

Spontaneous Discharge Rate p. 77

Spontaneous Discharge Pattern p. 78

Synchronization of Spontaneous Discharge p. 79

Synchronization of GPe Pauses and Spiking Activity p. 81

Basal Ganglia-Evoked Activity: Polarity and Amplitude p. 81

Basal Ganglia-Evoked Activity: Temporal Structure p. 85

Synchronization of Basal Ganglia-Evoked Activity p. 85

8 Basal Ganglia Physiology: The Roads Less Traveled p. 89

The Basal Ganglia and the Sleep/Wake Cycle p. 89

Right/Left Brain and Basal Ganglia Asymmetry p. 94

Biological Sex and the Basal Ganglia p. 98

Age Effects in the Basal Ganglia p. 99

Evolution and Comparative Biology of the Basal Ganglia p. 101

9 Box-and-Arrow Rate Models of the Basal Ganglia p. 105

D1/D2 Direct/Indirect Pathways Box-and-Arrow Model of the Basal Ganglia p. 105

Computational Physiology of the D1/D2 Direct/Indirect Pathways Box-and-Arrow Model of the Basal Ganglia p. 108

The D1/D2 Saga p. 108

The Two Pallidal Segments: Friends or Foes? p. 109

Thalamo/Cortical versus Dopamine Drive of the Striatum and the Basal Ganglia Network p. 110

Anatomical Updates of the D1/D2 Direct/Indirect Pathways Box-and-Arrow Model of the Basal Ganglia p. 110

The Three-Layer Model of the Basal Ganglia p. 111

The Pitfalls of Box-and-Arrow Models of the Basal Ganglia p. 113

Focusing versus Scaling: Action Selection in the Basal Ganglia p. 114

Computational Physiology and Pitfalls of Action-Selection Models of the Basal Ganglia p. 114

10 Reinforcement-Learning Actor/Critic Models of the Basal Ganglia p. 117

Principles of Reinforcement Learning p. 117

Reinforcement Learning in Equations p. 120

Reinforcement Learning in the Basal Ganglia Networks p. 120

Encoding of Reward Prediction Error by Dopaminergic Neurons p. 121

Homogeneous Dopamine Innervation of the Striatum p. 126

Dopamine Modulates the Efficacy of the Corticostriatal Synapses p. 128

Who Is the Teacher of the Teacher? p. 128

Computational Physiology of the Reinforcement-Learning Actor/Critic Model of the Basal Ganglia p. 130

Pitfalls of the Reinforcement-Learning Actor/Critic Model of the Basal Ganglia p. 131

11 Multiple-Critics, Multiobjective Optimization Models of the Basal Ganglia p. 133

Multiobjective Optimization p. 133

The Cholinergic Critic p. 135

Basal Ganglia Critics Modulate Both Striatal Excitability and Afferent Synaptic Efficacy p. 138

Freestanding (Outside the Striatum) Neuromodulation in the Basal Ganglia p. 141

Computational Physiology of the Multiple-Critics, Multiobjective Optimization Model of the Basal Ganglia p. 143

Pitfalls of the Multiple-Critics, Multiobjective Optimization Model of the Basal Ganglia p. 144

12 The Basal Ganglia as one of Many State-to-Action Loops p. 145

Brain Networks and Kahneman's Systems 1 and 2 p. 145

Bottleneck Dimensionality Reduction in the Basal Ganglia p. 147

Linear and Nonlinear Neuronal Input-Output Relationships in the Basal Ganglia p. 151

Computational Physiology of the Basal Ganglia: The Current Status p. 152

Computational Physiology of the Basal Ganglia: Second-Order Questions p. 153

III Computational Physiology of Basal Ganglia Disorders and their Therapy

13 Parkinson's Disease and Other Basal Ganglia-Related Human Disorders p. 163

The Pyramidal versus the Extrapyramidal Systems p. 164

Parkinson's Disease p. 166

Other Basal Ganglia-Related Disorders p. 168

Why Are Basal Ganglia Disorders So Poorly Compensated by Other Brain Structures? p. 170

14 Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease p. 171

The 6-OHDA Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease p. 171

The MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease p. 172

Animal Models Are Lies That Help Us to Reveal the Truth and to Reduce Human Suffering p. 175

15 Physiology of Parkinson's Disease: Animal Models p. 179

Discharge Rate p. 179

Discharge Pattern and Synchronization p. 180

On Oscillations and Synchronization p. 186

Changes in the Spiking Activity of the Motor Cortex in MPTP-Treated Monkeys p. 188

Local Field Potentials and Their Correlation with Spiking Activity in the Basal Ganglia of MPTP-Treated Monkeys p. 190

Beta Oscillations in the MPTP Monkey Do Not Go to Sleep p. 192

16 Physiology of Parkinson's Disease: Human p. 195

Theta and Beta Oscillations in the Basal Ganglia of Parkinson's Patients p. 196

Subthalamic Beta Oscillations Are Synchronized p. 199

The Functional Roles of Beta and Theta Oscillations p. 199

LFP Studies p. 200

17 Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's Disease p. 203

Anticholinergic Treatment of Parkinson's Disease p. 203

Dopamine Therapy for Parkinson's Disease p. 204

Amantadine Therapy for Parkinson's Disease p. 210

The Built-in Problems of Pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's Disease Symptoms p. 211

Alpha-Synuclein Therapy for Parkinson's Disease p. 212

Lifestyle Therapy for Parkinson's Disease p. 213

18 Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy for Parkinson's Disease p. 215

DBS Technology p. 215

DBS Clinical and Adverse Effects p. 217

Mechanism of DBS p. 217

Optimization of DBS Therapy for Parkinson's Disease p. 219

Better DBS Navigation p. 220

"Asleep" DBS p. 222

What Is the Best Target in Space for DBS for Parkinson's Disease? p. 222

19 Closing the Loop on Parkinson's Disease and Basal Ganglia-Related Disorders p. 225

Closed-Loop DBS p. 225

Not All Betas Are Created Equal: On Bad and Good Beta Oscillations p. 226

A Basal Ganglia-Cortex Holistic View of Beta Oscillations p. 229

The Other Side of the Moon: Ketamine, Hyperkinetic States, and Gamma Oscillations p. 229

Dreams May Come True; Phase-Specific Closed-Loop DBS p. 232

Learning from the Basal Ganglia: Machine-Learning DBS p.

234

On Dreams and Delusions in the Basal Ganglia: Closed-Loop DBS for Schizophrenia p. 235

If Your Dreams Don't Scare You, They Aren't Big Enough p. 237

IV From the Basal Ganglia and Brain to the Mind

20 The Basal Ganglia, Free Will, and Human Responsibility p. 241

State-to-Action Loops and Free Will p. 241

Escaping the Tyranny of Biological State-to-Action Loops p. 243

If You Don't Know Where You're Going, Then It Doesn't Much Matter Which Way You Go p. 244.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Electronic reproduction. Ipswich, MA Available via World Wide Web.

Description based on print version record.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Gail and Warren Lieberfarb Mental Health and Neuroscience Library Resources Fund.

ISBN:

9780262367295

0262367297

Publisher Number:

99988509114

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.