Engineering tools for corrosion : design and diagnosis / Luciano Lazzari.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lazzari, Luciano, author.

Series:

Publications (European Federation of Corrosion) ; Number 68.

European Federation of Corrosion Publication ; Number 68

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Metals--Corrosion fatigue.

Metals.

Tools--Corrosion.

Tools.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (190 pages) : illustrations (some color), tables.

Place of Publication:

Duxford, England : Woodhead Publishing, 2017.

Summary:

Engineering Tools for Corrosion: Design and Diagnosis proposes models and equations derived from theory. It includes discussions of the estimation of main corrosion parameters for corrosion rate, electrochemical constraints, thresholds limits and initiation time. The algorithms proposed are the conjugation of theory and engineering practice resulting from research and professional activities carried out by the author for almost four decades.- Presents a rational approach to the corrosion prediction and evaluation dilemma- Illustrates new models and algorithms for quantitative estimation of corrosion related factors and parameters- Includes the design and interpretation of accelerated corrosion tests

Contents:

Front Cover

Engineering Tools for Corrosion

Copyright Page

Dedication

Contents

Author Biography

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Units

Premise

Volumes in the EFC Series List

1 Basic Principles

1.1 Corrosion reactions

1.2 Electrochemical mechanism

1.2.1 Anodic processes

1.2.2 Cathodic processes

1.3 Stoichiometry (Faraday Law)

1.4 Thermodynamic conditions

1.4.1 Reference electrodes

1.4.2 Potential of anodic reaction, Ea

1.4.3 Potential of cathodic reaction, Ec

1.4.3.1 Hydrogen evolution

1.4.3.2 Oxygen reduction

1.5 Kinetics of aqueous corrosion

1.5.1 Anodic overvoltage

1.5.1.1 Passivity-related parameters for stainless steels

1.5.2 Cathodic overvoltage

1.5.2.1 Hydrogen evolution

1.5.2.2 Oxygen reduction

1.5.2.3 Oxygen limiting current density

1.5.2.4 Overall cathodic current

1.6 Summary

1.7 Appendix

1.7.1 Case study-design parameters for an anodic protection system

1.7.2 Case study-design current for cathodic protection

References

Further reading

2 Uniform Corrosion

2.1 Model for acidic corrosion

2.1.1 Strong acids

2.1.2 Carbonic acid

2.1.3 Hydrogen sulphide

2.1.4 Organic acids

2.1.5 Uniform corrosion of passive metals in acids

2.2 Aerated solutions

2.2.1 Oxygen limiting current density

2.2.2 Presence of chlorine

2.2.3 Dimensionless number approach

2.3 Summary

2.4 Appendix

2.4.1 Coefficient of variation, CV

2.4.2 Corrosion rate in carbonic acid

2.4.2.1 Corrosion mechanism in carbonic acid

2.4.3 Corrosion rate by organic acids

2.4.4 Corrosion rate in acidic solutions of Fe, Zn and Cu

2.4.5 Case study: stainless steel in acetic acid

2.4.6 Case study: stainless steel in hot acids

2.4.7 Dimensionless number approach vs empirical Fick equation

Further reading.

3 Localized Corrosion

3.1 Macrocell

3.2 Throwing power

3.2.1 Effective driving voltage, ΔV

3.3 Surface area ratio

3.4 Galvanic corrosion

3.4.1 Driving voltage for galvanic corrosion

3.4.1.1 Anode potential, EA

3.4.1.2 Cathode potential, EC, for oxygen reduction

3.4.1.3 Cathode potential, EC, for hydrogen evolution

3.4.2 Electrolyte resistivity

3.4.3 Case studies for galvanic corrosion

3.4.3.1 Active nonnoble metals in aerated, near neutral or alkaline electrolytes (Fig. 3.4A)

3.4.3.2 Active noble metal as cathode and active metal as anode in aerated, near neutral or alkaline electrolytes (Fig. 3.4B)

3.4.3.3 Noble metal as cathode and active metal as anode in aerated, near neutral or alkaline electrolytes (Fig. 3.4B)

3.4.3.4 Passive metal as cathode and active metal as anode in aerated, near neutral or alkaline electrolytes (Fig. 3.5)

3.4.3.5 Active nonnoble metals in oxygen-free acids (Fig. 3.6)

3.4.3.6 Noble or passive metal as cathode and active metal as anode in oxygen-free acids (Fig. 3.7)

3.4.4 Time dependency

3.5 Differential aeration

3.6 Intergranular corrosion

3.6.1 Mechanism of intergranular corrosion

3.6.2 Intergranular corrosion testing

3.7 Summary

3.8 Appendix

3.8.1 Coefficient of variation, CV

3.8.2 Throwing power in CP by galvanic anodes

3.8.3 Galvanic corrosion vs differential aeration in soil

3.8.4 Galvanic corrosion risk in clad pipelines

3.8.4.1 Presence of a defect in the overlay

3.8.4.2 Temporary coupling with carbon steel

3.8.5 Intergranular corrosion rate prediction

3.8.5.1 Solubilized nonsensitized alloy

3.8.5.2 Sensitized alloy

4 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion

4.1 Initiation stage for pitting

4.1.1 Electrochemical condition for pitting initiation

4.1.1.1 Potential of the cathodic process, EC.

4.1.1.2 Pitting potential, Epit

4.1.2 Pitting equation

4.1.3 Pitting induction time (PIT) and general pitting equation

4.1.4 Critical-chloride-concentration (for pitting and crevice)

4.2 Initiation stage for crevice

4.3 Propagation

4.4 Summary

4.5 Appendix

4.5.1 Coefficient of variation, CV

4.5.2 Parameters used to validate general pitting equation

4.5.3 Accelerated testing - pitting

4.5.3.1 Extrapolation of PIT

4.5.3.2 Extrapolation of pitting potential

4.5.3.3 Extrapolation of minimum PREN

4.5.3.4 Influence of temperature

4.5.3.5 Example of extrapolation of pitting potential

4.5.4 Accelerated testing-crevice corrosion

4.6 Case studies

4.6.1 Prediction of pitting occurrence based on PIT

4.6.2 Estimation of perforation time

4.6.3 A case study

4.6.4 Unexpected pitting (typically)

5 Corrosion in Water, Soil and Air

5.1 Freshwater

5.1.1 Uniform corrosion in freshwater

5.1.2 Differential aeration in freshwater

5.1.3 Galvanic corrosion in freshwater

5.2 Seawater

5.2.1 Galvanic corrosion in seawater

5.3 Flow-enhanced corrosion

5.4 Soil

5.4.1 Differential aeration in soil

5.4.2 Galvanic corrosion in soil

5.5 Microbiologically induced corrosion

5.5.1 Cathodic processes promoted by bacteria

5.5.1.1 Acid-producing bacteria

5.5.1.2 Sulphate-reducing bacteria

5.5.1.3 Biofilm-forming bacteria

5.5.2 A unified model for MIC

5.5.3 Corrosion rate on mild steel by SRB

5.6 Corrosive atmospheres

5.6.1 Conditions for corrosion occurrence

5.6.2 Corrosion model of atmospheric corrosion

5.6.2.1 Time-dependence of corrosion rate

5.6.2.2 Initial corrosion rate

5.7 Summary

5.8 Appendix

5.8.1 Coefficient of variation, CV

5.8.2 Metals for freshwater

5.8.3 Corrosion in water injection plants

5.8.4 Corrosion in boilers.

5.8.5 Case study-Corrosion in freshwater circuit

5.8.6 Case study-Design of a loop circuit for corrosion testing

5.8.7 Case study-Corrosion assessment for atmospherically exposed tubular goods

6 Computer Modelling

6.1 Electrochemical models

6.2 Field equations

6.3 Macrocell

6.3.1 Primary distribution (or ohmic systems)

6.3.2 Localization and calculation of the ohmic drop

6.3.3 Secondary distribution

6.3.4 Current density close to an electrode (anode)

6.4 Boundary conditions

6.4.1 Time-dependent boundary conditions

6.5 FEM and BEM methods

6.6 Summary

6.7 Appendix

6.7.1 Case studies

6.7.1.1 Anode distribution on a jacket of an offshore platform

6.7.1.2 Coating defect size estimation on a pipeline

7 Testing

7.1 Classification of corrosion tests

7.1.1 Basic laboratory tests

7.1.2 Quality control tests

7.1.3 Pass-fail tests

7.1.4 Accelerated tests

7.2 Intensification index

7.2.1 Cathodic process is oxygen reduction

7.2.2 Cathodic process is hydrogen evolution

7.2.3 Example of intergranular corrosion test

7.2.4 Example of test based on thickness loss measurements

7.3 Accelerated test with a noble cathodic process

7.3.1 General corrosion of mild steel

7.3.2 General corrosion of stainless steels and Ni-based alloys

7.3.2.1 Low PREN stainless steels

7.3.2.2 High PREN stainless steels and Ni-based alloys

7.4 Accelerated test for pitting corrosion

7.4.1 Pitting potential

7.4.2 Pitting induction time

7.5 Summary

8 Statistical Analysis of Corrosion Data

8.1 Management of corrosion data

8.1.1 Mean or expected value

8.1.2 Standard deviation

8.1.3 Coefficient of variation

8.2 Extreme value distributions (Gumbel, Weibull)

8.2.1 The Gumbel distribution.

8.2.1.1 Gumbel analysis of general corrosion data

8.2.1.2 Gumbel analysis of localized corrosion data

8.2.2 The Weibull distribution

8.3 Time-dependent data

8.3.1 Hazard and reliability functions

8.4 Sampling

8.4.1 Some parameters

8.4.2 Determination of sample size

8.5 Summary

8.6 Appendix

8.6.1 Median rank and return period

8.6.2 The normal distribution

8.6.2.1 Example of the use of normal distribution

8.6.3 The exponential distribution

8.6.3.1 Example of the use of exponential distribution

8.6.4 The log-normal distribution

8.6.5 Example of extreme value distribution

8.6.5.1 Localized corrosion

8.6.5.2 Tank bottom inspection

8.6.5.3 Tank bottom inspection

8.6.6 Lifetime calculation

Reference

Glossary

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

UV

WXYZ

Index

Back Cover.

Notes:

"Woodhead Publishing in Materials"--Cover.

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed August 24, 2017).

ISBN:

9780081024256

0081024258

9780081024249

008102424X