The Birsay Bay project. Volume 3, The Brough of Birsay, Orkney, investigations 1954-2014 / by Christopher D. Morris ; with Colleen E. Batey [and eight others and others] ; illustrations by Alan Braby [and eight others and others] ; edited by Rachel C. Barrowman.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Morris, Christopher D., B.A., author.

Batey, Colleen E., author.

Contributor:

Braby, Alan, illustrator.

Barrowman, Rachel C., editor.

George Clapp Vaillant Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Excavations (Archaeology)--Scotland--Brough of Birsay.

Excavations (Archaeology).

Viking antiquities--Scotland--Brough of Birsay.

Viking antiquities.

Archaeology, Medieval--Scotland--Brough of Birsay.

Archaeology, Medieval.

Material culture--Scotland--Brough of Birsay--History.

Material culture.

History.

Scotland--Brough of Birsay.

Genre:

History.

Physical Description:

xiv, 678 pages : illustrations (colour), maps ; 30 cm

Other Title:

Brough of Birsay, Orkney, investigations 1954-2014

Place of Publication:

Oxford ; Havertown, PA : Oxbow Books, [2021]

©2021.

Summary:

The Brough of Birsay was the power-centre of the Viking earldom of Orkney and is one of Historic Environment Scotland's key monuments and visitor attractions on the islands. This publication is the culmination of 60 years of investigations that took place on the site between 1954 and 2014.0This new volume incorporates comprehensive accounts of work undertaken by Dr Ralegh Radford and Mr Stewart Cruden between 1954 and 1964, excavations by the Viking and Early Settlement Research Project under the direction of the author on site between 1974 and 1981, a rescue excavation in 1993, a geophysical survey in 2007 and archival research up to 2014.0Specialist artefactual and palaeobiological studies of metallurgical material, ogham inscriptions and a gilt-bronze mount of Insular origin are included, together with re-analysis of the radiocarbon dates from all sites in Birsay Bay, and a re-assessment of the architecture and dating of the church and related buildings on the Brough itself.0The final two chapters put the Brough, as both a Pictish power-centre and the hub of the Viking earldom, in the overall context of Birsay Bay and Viking and late Norse Orkney, and the wider world between the Pictish and late Norse/Medieval periods.0As well as being the author's third and final volume reporting on work for the Birsay Bay Project, this volume completes a trilogy of studies of the Brough itself, alongside Mrs Cecil Curle's and Prof John Hunter's earlier monographs.

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: pt. I Background and context for investigations 1946

2014

1. Background / Christopher D Morris

1.1. Summary of previous work on the Brough of Birsay

1.2. The Brough of Birsay: Post-War discussions and proposals for further work 1946

55

1.3. The Brough of Birsay: Overview of Radford and Cruden's excavations 1956

64

1.4. The printed accounts and archives of the 1956-64 investigations

2. The Birsay Bay Project And The Brough Of Birsay / Christopher D Morris

2.1. An outline of the project

2.2. Birsay in the broader context of work by the Viking and Early Settlement Archaeological Research Project (VESARP)

2.3. The Brough of Birsay: Overview of investigations between 1973 and 1993

2.4. Surveying operations on the Brough of Birsay

*2.4.1. The Guardianship Area: Excavation grid data / Gladys Bettess

*2.4.2. The Guardianship Area site survey / Gladys Bettess

2.4.3. The south-western cliff-edge survey / Gladys Bettess

2.5. Sampling on the Brough of Birsay: General comments / D James Rackham

2.6. The structure and chronological terminology used in this volume

pt. II Area I: The church and churchyard

3. Historical Background To The 1950S

1960S Investigations At The Church, Associated Buildings And Churchyard On The Brough Of Birsay / Ralegh Radford

3.1. Introduction / Christopher D Morris

3.2. Summary and interpretation of Radford's findings at Birsay

3.3. Summary of Radford's views on the `Celtic (or Pictish) church' and `Celtic monasteries' in Orkney

3.4. Summary of Radford's views on Birsay and the Norse church in Orkney

3.5. Later history

4. Investigations By Ralegh Radford And Stewart Cruden On The Church Compiled / Christopher D Morris

4.1. Summary

*4.2. Notes taken by Radford on the church building during his field visit in 1955

*4.3. Summary of notes on work undertaken by Radford and Cruden in the church building area during the 1956

64 campaign

4.4. Cruden's commentary on the church building

*Notes by Cruden on the church

*4.5. Radford's detailed description of the church building

4.6. Analysis and interpretation of the church building area / Radford

4.7. Discovery of a `Central Grave' in 1937

4.8. Radford's discussion of the `Central Grave'

4.9. Radford and Cruden's discussion of the identification of the church on the Brough of Birsay

5. Investigations By Ralegh Radford And Stewart Cruden On The Buildings North Of The Church Compiled / Christopher D Morris

5.1. Summary

*5.2. Radford's notes on the buildings north of the church taken during his field visit in 1955

*5.3. Radford's notes on work undertaken on the buildings north of the church during the 1956

5.4. Section S9 [1958], from Radford's draft final report

5.5. Cruden's commentary

5.6. Radford's draft final report: The Bishop's Palace

*Notes / Radford

5.7. Radford's analysis and interpretation: The Bishop's Palace

6. An Architectural Analysis Of The Church And Related Buildings On The Brough Of Birsay / Richard Fawcett

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Description of the church

6.3. The architectural context of the church

6.4. The buildings to the north of the church

6.5. Overall assessment of the buildings to the north of the church

7. The Graves, Churchyard Enclosures And Notable Stone Monuments Compiled / Christopher D Morris

7.1. Summary

*7.2. Radford's notes on the graves and enclosures from his preliminary field visit in 1955

*7.3. Radford and Cruden's notes on work undertaken on the graves and enclosures during the 1956

*7.3.1

-9. Seasons 1956

1964

*7.3.10. Extracts from Radford's notebooks for work on graves and enclosure

7.4. Radford 1955 `Draft of Final Report'

*7.4.1. The cemetery

*7.4.2. The Norse cemetery

*7.4.3. Norse graves

*7.4.4. Description of the enclosures

*7.4.5. The Pictish monastery

*7.4.6. The cells in the northern area

*7.4.7. The cemetery and the oratory

7.5. Radford and Cruden's analysis of the Norse and earlier cemeteries

7.6. Radford and Cruden's observations on the Pictish symbol stone and associated graves and the `leacht'

7.7. An ogham inscription from the church with Katherine Forsyth

7.8. Radford and Cruden's observations on the Birsay/Evie wooden box

7.9. Radford and Cruden's conclusions on the enclosure and graveyard

7.10. Runic inscriptions

8. Reassessment Of The `Celtic Enclosure' In 1981 / Christopher D Morris

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Trial Trench E with Norman Emery and Michael J Rains

8.2.1. Summary of sequences and phasing

*8.2.2. Site data

*8.2.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*8.2.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

*8.2.5. Finds catalogue / Claudine Freeman

8.2.6. The artefactual assemblage / Susan A Mills

8.2.7. The biological assemblage / D James Rackham

*Tables

8.2.8. Conclusion

8.3. Trial Trench F with Norman Emery and Michael J Rains

8.3.1. Summary of sequences and phasing

*8.3.2. Site data

*8.3.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*8.3.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

*8.3.5. Finds catalogue / Claudine Freeman

8.3.6. The artefactual assemblage / Susan A Mills

8.3.7. The biological assemblage / D James Rackham

8.3.8. Conclusion

8.4. Trial Trench G with Norman Emery

8.4.1. Summary of sequences and phasing

*8.4.2. Site data

*8.4.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*8.4.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

*8.4.5. Finds catalogue / Claudine Freeman

8.4.6. The artefactual assemblage / Colleen E Batey

8.4.7. The biological assemblage / D James Rackham

8.4.8. Conclusion

8.5. Trial Trench H with Norman Emery

8.5.1. Summary of sequences and phasing

*8.5.2. Site data

*8.5.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*8.5.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

*8.5.5. Finds catalogue / Colleen E Batey

8.5.6. The artefactual assemblage / John R Hunter

8.5.7. The biological assemblage / D James Rackham

8.5.8. Conclusion

8.6. Overall assessment with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham

pt. III Area II: The buildings east of the churchyard

9. Investigations By Radford And Cruden On The Area To The East Of The Churchyard (`The Viking House') And Excavations In `Room 5' Of The `Small Buildings' In 1973/4 / Christopher D Morris

9.1. Introduction and background

9.2. Introduction to, and notes by, Cruden and Radford

9.2.1. Introduction

*9.2.2. Notes by Cruden and Radford on work undertaken 1956-64

9.3. Overall summary of Radford and Cruden's excavations at Site A, east of the churchyard

9.4. Period I and earlier deposits

9.5. Period II

9.5.1. Section S6

9.5.2. Section S10

9.5.3. `Sigurd's Hall'

9.6. Period III

9.6.1. Sections S1/2/3

9.6.2. Section S4

9.6.3. `Thorfinn's Palace'

*The Early Palace [i.e.

`Thorfinn's Palace'] by Radford (July 1955)

9.6.4. The `Bath House'

9.6.5. The `Boat Slip'

9.6.6. Area between and to the west of the pre-War buildings VII and VIII

9.7. Period IV

9.7.1. Section S5

9.7.2. The `Small Buildings' / `Bishop's Palace'

*'The Bishop's Palace' Radford (June 1955)

9.7.3. Section S12

9.7.4. Section S14

9.8. Investigations of the `Small Buildings' to the west of `Thorfinn's Palace'

9.8.1. Terrace west of `Thorfinn's Hall'

9.8.2. Room 6

9.8.3. Room 4 with Katherine Forsyth

9.8.4. Trenches to the north of Room 4, and trenches outside other rooms

9.9. Room 5 revisited 1973

4 with John R Hunter

9.9.1. Background to the 1973

4 excavations

9.9.2. Synopsis of results of 1973

4 excavations (Hunter and Morris 1982)

9.9.3. The radiocarbon dating evidence reconsidered / Zoe Outram

9.9.4. Comments on the artefactual assemblage

9.9.5. Additional comments on the biological assemblage / Sandra Nye

*Room 5 1973

4 Ecofactual material tables

9.10. Summary of Area II chronology in relation to artefacts

10. Explorations In 1993 On The Cliff-Side To The South-East Of The Churchyard / Christopher D Morris

10.1. Introduction and summary of archaeological damage assessment and brief / Kevin J Brady

10.1.1. On-site damage

10.1.2. Archaeological response

10.2. Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Kevin J Brady

*10.2.1. Site data

*10.2.2. Stratigraphy

10.2.3. Sequences and phasing: Summary

*The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

10.3. The artefactual assemblage / Colleen E Batey

*10.3.1. Finds catalogue

10.3.2. Finds discussion

10.4. The biological assemblage / Jacqueline P Huntley

10.4.1. Introduction

10.4.2. Animal bone and shell

10.4.3. Fish bone / James H Barrett

*Table M10.1

10.4.4. Charred plant remains / Jacqueline P Huntley

*Tables M10.2

M10.3

10.4.5. Summary

10.5. Overall assessment of explorations on the cliff-side to the south-east of the churchyard

pt. IV Area III: The buildings west of the churchyard

11. Investigations By Radford And Cruden On The Buildings To The South-West Of The Churchyard / Christopher D Morris

11.1. Introduction

*Radford's notes in 1955

*11.2. Record of work undertaken 1956-64 from notes / Cruden

*11.3. Excavations / Cruden

11.4. Structure C

Contents note continued: *Description of houses on Site C

11.5. Structure D

11.6. Radford and Cruden's overview of the buildings and Norse houses to the south-west of the churchyard

12. Area Excavations 1974-80 In And Around Structure N / Christopher D Morris

12.1. Introduction

*12.1.1. `Isolated Viking House X'

12.2. Site I: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Norman Emery and Michael J Rains

*12.2.1. Site data

*12.2.2. Stratigraphical relations and hierarchy

*12.2.3. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

12.3. Site I: The artefactual assemblage / Philip Clogg

*12.3.1. Finds catalogue with Claudine Freeman

12.3.2. Finds discussion

12.4. Site I: The biological assemblage / Alison M Donaldson

*Tables M12.1

M12.6

12.5. Radiocarbon dating evidence from Sites I and III / Zoe Outram

12.6. Site I: Overall summary with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham

13. Area Excavations In 1974-5 In And Around Structure L And Trial Excavations In 1977 On Features Around Structure M / Christopher D Morris

13.1. Introduction

*13.1.1. Isolated Viking House L

*13.1.2. Isolated Viking House Y

13.2. Site II: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Norman Emery and Olwyn A Owen

13.2.1. Introduction

*13.2.2. Site data

*13.2.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*13.2.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

13.3. Site II: The artefactual assemblage / John R Hunter

*13.3.1. Finds catalogue / Colleen E Batey

13.3.2. Finds discussion

13.4. Site II: The biological assemblage / D James Rackham

*Tables M13.1

M13.3

13.5. Site III: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Norman Emery, Michael J Rains and Olwyn A Owen

13.5.1. Introduction

*13.5.2. Site data

*13.5.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*13.5.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

13.6. Site III: The artefactual assemblage / J Gerry Mcdonnell

*13.6.1. Site III: Finds catalogue / Colleen E Batey

*13.6.2. Finds discussion

13.7. Site III: The biological assemblage / Moira Owen

*Tables M13.4

M13.8

13.8. Trial Trench A with Olwyn A Owen

13.8.1. Introduction

*13.8.2. Site data

*13.8.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*13.8.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

13.9. Trial Trench B: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Olwyn A Owen

13.9.1. Introduction

*13.9.2. Site data

*13.9.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*13.9.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

13.10. Trial Trench B: The artefactual assemblage / Colleen E Batey

*13.10.1. Finds catalogue / Olwyn A Owen

13.10.2. Finds discussion

13.11. Trial Trench C: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Olwyn A Owen

13.11.1. Introduction

*13.11.2. Site data

*13.11.3. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*13.11.4. The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account

13.12. Trial Trench C: The artefactual assemblage

*13.12.1. Finds catalogue / Olwyn A Owen

13.12.2. Finds discussion / Ewan N Campbell

13.13. Trial Trench C: The biological assemblage / Sandra Nye

*Table M13.9

13.14. Overall assessment with Colleen E. Batey, Zoe Outram and D James Rackham

14. Area Excavations In 1976

80 In And Around Structure E To The West Of The Churchyard / Christopher D Morris

14.1. Introduction

14.1.1. Work / Henderson

14.1.2. Work / Cruden

*'Isolated House E'

14.1.3. Work in the 1974

81 campaign

*Site Data. Location, site grid and co-ordinates

14.1.4. Sampling and sample processing on Site IV South / D James Rackham

14.2. Site IV South: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Nicholas F Pearson

14.2.1. Process

*Listing of contexts by episode

14.2.2. Phasing

14.3. Site IV South: The artefactual assemblage / Susan A Mills

14.3.1. Metals with Donal Bateson, Olwyn A Owen, Christopher D Morris and J Gerry McDonnell

*Finds catalogue: Metals sheets 1 and 2 / Colleen E Batey

*Industrial debris / Colleen E Batey

14.3.2. Stone with Christopher D Morris, Katherine Forsyth and Robert Young

*Finds catalogue: Non-metals / Colleen E Batey

14.3.3. Pumice

14.3.4. Amber

14.3.5. Glass / Ewan N Campbell

14.3.6. Ceramic with Susan A Mills

14.3.7. Bone and antler

14.3.8. Modern material

14.3.9. Discussion of Site IV South finds by phase

14.4. Site IV South: The biological assemblage / Sandra Nye

14.4.1. Animal bone and shell

*Table M14.1

14.4.2. Fish bone with Sarah Colley

*Table M14.2

14.3

14.4.3. Charred plant remains with Alison M Donaldson and Sandra Nye

14.4.4. Charcoal remains with Alison M Donaldson and Sandra Nye

14.5. Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IV South / Zoe Outram

14.6. Overall assessment of excavations on and around Structure E

15. Area Excavations In 1977

81 In And Around Structures `S' And B To The West And North-West Of The Churchyard And Re-Assessment Of The Dating Of Structures F, P And R To The North / Christopher D Morris

15.1. Introduction

15.1.1. Work / Henderson

15.1.2. Work / Cruden

*Isolated Houses B and F

15.1.3. Work in the 1974

*Site data. Location, site grid and co-ordinates

15.2. Site IV North: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Magnar Dalland, Olwyn A Owen and Michael J Rains

15.2.1. Introduction and background

*15.2.2. Listing of the contexts by episode

15.2.3. Site IV North: Episodes and phases

15.3. Site IV North: The artefactual assemblage / Robert Young

15.3.1. Metals with Robert B K Stevenson, Donal Bateson and J Gerry McDonnell

*Finds Catalogue: Metals Sheets 1 and 2 / Colleen E Batey

*Ironworking debris / Colleen E Batey

15.3.2. Stone with Robert Young

15.3.3. Jet

15.3.4. Pumice

15.3.5. Glass

15.3.6. Ceramic with Susan A Mills

15.3.7. Burnt clay

15.3.8. Bone and antler

15.3.9. Discussion of Site IV North finds by phase

15.4. Site IV North: The biological assemblage / D James Rackham

15.4.1. Introduction

15.4.2. Sampling and sample processing

15.4.3. Animal bone and shell

15.4.4. Fish bone with Sarah Colley

15.4.5. Charred plant remains with Alison M Donaldson and Sandra Nye

15.4.6. Charcoal remains with Alison M Donaldson and Sandra Nye

15.5. Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IV North / Zoe Outram

15.6. Overall assessment of excavations on and around Structures `S' and B

15.7. Hunter's campaign on Site VII

15.8. Re-assessment of the radiocarbon dating evidence from Site VII / Zoe Outram

15.8.1. Introduction

15.8.2. Analysis of the data

15.8.3. Conclusion

16. Specialist Studies Relating To Area III

16.1. The decorated gilded copper alloy mount / Olwyn A Owen

16.1.1. Description

16.1.2. Archaeological context / Christopher D Morris

16.1.3. The ornament

16.1.4. The bosses

16.1.5. Evidence of attachment

16.1.6. Manufacturing method

16.1.7. Discussion

16.2. Ogham inscriptions from the Brough of Birsay / Katherine Forsyth

16.2.1. Introduction

16.2.2. Description

16.2.3. Discussion

pt.

V The south-western cliff-side area

17. Survey And Trial Investigations 1979 And Re-Assessment Of The Dating Of Sites Viii And Ix / Christopher D Morris

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Survey of coastal sites to the south and south-west of the Guardianship Area: Catalogue of sites / Kenneth A Steedman

17.3. Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site VIII / Zoe Outram

17.4. Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IX / Zoe Outram

17.5. Trial Trench D: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Colleen E Batey, Michael J Rains and M Drake Patten

*17.5.1. Site data

*17.5.2. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*17.5.3. The stratigraphic sequence

17.6. Trial Trench D: The artefactual assemblage / Colleen E Batey

*17.6.1. Finds catalogue with M Drake Patten

17.6.2. Finds discussion with Robert Young and John R Hunter

17.7. Trial Trench D: The biological assemblage / Sandra Nye

17.8. Site VI: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Bryan A P Alvey

*17.8.1. Site data

*17.8.2. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy

*17.8.3. The stratigraphic sequence

17.9. Site VI: The artefactual assemblage / Colleen E Batey

*17.9.1. Finds catalogue with Claudine Freeman

17.9.2. Finds discussion

17.10. Site VI: The biological assemblage / Moira Owen

*Tables M17.1

M17.2

17.11. Implications from survey and geophysical survey work in the south-western cliff-side area

17.12. Overall assessment of building and settlement evidence: The `landward' side

18. Investigations On The Peerie Brough 1979

81 / Christopher D Morris

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Site V: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures / Christopher D Morris

*18.2.1. Site data

*18.2.2. Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy and list of layers by phase

*18.2.3. Stratigraphical sequences and connected accounts

18.3. Site V: The artefactual assemblage / Colleen E Batey

*18.3.1. Finds catalogue

18.3.2. Finds discussion

18.4. Site V: The biological assemblage / Moira Owen

*Tables M18.1

M18.5

Contents note continued: 18.5. Overall assessment of building and settlement evidence: The Peerie Brough

18.5.1. Introduction

18.5.2. Early occupation

18.5.3. The large building: Walls and construction

18.5.4. The large building: Occupation and modifications

18.5.5. Areas beyond the building

18.5.6. Post-occupation

18.5.7. Conclusion

18.6. Implications from the artefactual and ecofactual evidence for the south-western area overall with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham

pt. VI Economy, landscape and analysis

19. The Artefactual Assemblage / Colleen E Batey

19.1. Introduction

19.2. Area I: The church and churchyard

19.2.1. Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations / Christopher D Morris

19.2.2. Artefactual material from the trial excavations in 1981

19.3. Area II: Buildings east of the churchyard and cliff-side south-east of the churchyard

19.3.1. Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations / Christopher D Morris

19.3.2. Artefacts from the 1973

4 and 1993 investigations / Colleen E Batey

19.4. Area III: Buildings to the west of the churchyard

19.4.1. Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations in and around Structures C, D and G / Christopher D Morris

19.4.2. Artefactual material from the 1974

81 campaign around Structures L, M and N (Sites I

III, Trial Trenches A

C)

19.4.3. Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations in and around Structures E, `S' and B / Christopher D Morris

19.4.4. Artefactual material from the 1974

81 campaign in and around Structure E (Site IV South) with J Gerry McDonnell

19.4.5. Artefactual material from the 1974

81 campaign in and around Structures `S' and B (Site IV North) with J Gerry McDonnell

19.5. Artefactual recovery from the 1979

81 campaign on the south-western cliff-side area: Investigations on Trial Trench D, and Sites V and VI

19.6. Artefactual perspectives across the Brough of Birsay

19.6.1. Introduction

19.6.2. Industrial iron working / Colleen E Batey

19.6.3. Copper alloy

19.6.4. Bone and antler with Christopher D Morris

19.6.5. Steatite

19.6.6. Precious metals

19.7. The Brough of Birsay: Local context

19.8. Artefacts and site status

20. The Biological Assemblage By Christopher D Morris Based On Work / D James Rackham

20.1. The development of sampling procedures on the Birsay Bay and VESARP projects

20.2. Environmental studies and sampling on the Brough

20.3. Area I: The church and churchyard

20.3.1. Introduction

20.3.2. Biological material from the trial excavations in 1991

20.4. Area II: Buildings east of the churchyard and cliff-side south-east of the churchyard

20.4.1. Introduction

20.4.2. Biological material from the 1973

4 and 1993 investigations

20.5. Area III: Buildings to the west of the churchyard

20.5.1. Introduction

20.5.2. Biological material from the 1974

20.5.3. Biological material from the 1974

-81 campaign in and around Structure E (Site IV South)

20.5.4. Biological material from the 1974

-81 campaign in and around Structures `S' and B (Site IV North)

20.6. Biological material from the 1979

81 campaign on the south-western cliff-side area: Investigations on Trial Trench D and Sites V and VI

20.7. Archaeological perspectives across excavated areas on the Brough as a whole

20.7.1. Introduction

20.7.2. Domestic and wild animals with Bruce J Lamden

20.7.3. Birds with Enid P Allison

20.7.4. Fish with James H Barrett and Sarah P Colley

20.7.5. Marine molluscs with Moira Owen

20.7.6. Botanical remains with Alison M Donaldson, Jacqueline P Huntley and Sandra Nye

20.8. The Brough of Birsay: Local context

20.8.1. Introduction

20.8.2. Domesticated mammals

20.8.3. Wild animals and hunting

20.8.4. Small mammals and rodents

20.8.5. Bone- and antler-working

20.8.6. Birds and fowling

20.8.7. Marine resources

20.8.8. Charred plant remains

20.8.9. Charcoal remains

21. Geophysical Prospection 2007 On The Brough Of Birsay / David W Griffiths

21.1. Background / Christopher D Morris

21.2. Introduction to survey

*21.2.1. Methodology

*21.2.2. Archive plots: Raw data

21.3. Results of gradiometer survey

21.4. Results of resistance survey

21.5. Conclusions

22. Overall Re-Assessment Of Radiocarbon Dates From Birsay / Zoe Outram

22.1. Introduction / Christopher D Morris

22.2. The overall radiocarbon dating evidence from Morris's excavations on the Brough of Birsay

22.2.1. General introduction to the dates

22.2.2. The sequences of dates

22.2.3. Conclusion: The overall chronology of Room 5, Sites I, III, IV South and North

22.3. The overall radiocarbon dating evidence from Hunter's excavations on the Brough of Birsay

22.3.1. Introduction

22.3.2. The overall chronology

22.4. The radiocarbon dating evidence presented in The Birsay Bay Project Volume 1

22.4.1. Introduction

22.4.2. The sequences of dates: The Point of Buckquoy

22.4.3. The sequences of dates: Red Craig

22.4.4. The sequences of dates: Area south of Red Craig

22.4.5. Conclusion

22.5. The radiocarbon dating evidence presented in The Birsay Bay Project Volume 2

22.5.1. Introduction

22.5.2. The sequences of dates: St Magnus' Kirk, Birsay

22.5.3. The sequences of dates: Beachview, Burnside

22.5.4. The sequences of dates: The `Studio Site'

22.5.5. Conclusion

23. Birsay Bay Landscape Geophysical Surveys, 2003

6 / Susan Ovenden

23.1. Introduction

23.2. Surveys on the Point of Buckquoy, 2003

5

23.3. Birsay Links survey, 2006

23.4. Conclusion

VII Drawing the threads together

24. The Brough Of Birsay And Birsay Bay In Retrospect / Christopher D Morris

24.1. Overview and implications of 150 years of research on the Brough of Birsay from 1866 to 2016

24.2. The wider context in Birsay Bay

24.3. Discussion of dating evidence based on radiocarbon dates from sites around Birsay Bay / Zoe Outram

24.3.1. Introduction

24.3.2. The Bronze Age

24.3.3. The Iron Age

24.3.4. The Pictish

Viking `interface'

24.3.5. Viking

Late Norse

24.3.6. Conclusion

24.4. The dating and chronology of sites on the Brough of Birsay

24.4.1. Prehistory

early Pictish period

24.4.2. Later Pictish period

24.4.3. The Pictish

Viking `interface' period

24.4.4. The Viking period

24.4.5. The Late Norse period

24.4.6. The Brough after the Norse: Medieval and later

24.5. Interpretation of the Brough in the context of the Bay as a whole

24.5.1. Religious and funerary evidence

24.5.2. Buildings and settlement

24.5.3. Craft and industry

24.5.4. Economy and environment

25. An Overview And Final Assessment / Christopher D Morris

25.1. The history of the Birsay Bay Project: Reflections

25.2. The main contributions of the Birsay Bay project

25.2.1. The widened context for the Brough of Birsay

25.2.2. The increase in range and dates of sites uncovered in Birsay Bay

25.2.3. The introduction of rigorous technical methodology and the upgrade of research potential through the use of environmental archaeology and geophysical techniques

25.2.4. Radiocarbon dating

25.2.5. From the Birsay Bay Project to VESARP

25.3. Birsay, Orkney and the wider world

25.4. Concluding remarks

Coda

Appendices

1. Summary of the radiocarbon dating evidence produced from Sites I, III, IV North, IV South and Room 5 from the excavations carried out on the Brough of Birsay 1973

1981 / Zoe Outram

2. Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from excavations on Brough of Birsay by John Hunter (from Hunter 1986, Table 2) / Zoe Outram

3. Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from The Birsay Bay Project Volume 1 (1989) / Zoe Outram

4. Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from The Birsay Bay Project Volume 2 (1996) / Zoe Outram

5. Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from Buckquoy (Ritchie 1977; Brundle, Lorimer and Ritchie 2003; Barrett 2003) / Zoe Outram

6. Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from Saevar Howe (Stenhouse and Hedges 1983) / Zoe Outram

7. Radiocarbon dating at Birsay: Sampled material and methodology / Zoe Outram

8. Slag classification / J Gerry Mcdonnell

9. References to Scottish oghams mentioned in text / Katherine Forsyth

10. Species list (English and Latin names for the species) of plant and animal remains identified at the Brough of Birsay / Christopher D Morris.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the George Clapp Vaillant Book Fund.

ISBN:

9781789256079

1789256070

OCLC:

1230521872

Publisher Number:

99987981945