Essentials of cognitive neuroscience / Bradley R. Postle.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Postle, Bradley R., author.

Contributor:

Mary M. Kaufman Memorial Fund for Neuro-Science & Biomedical Engineering Source.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cognitive neuroscience--Textbooks.

Cognitive neuroscience.

Clinical neuropsychology--Textbooks.

Clinical neuropsychology.

Genre:

Textbooks.

Physical Description:

xx, 512, 9, 11 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2020]

Summary:

"Revisions for the second edition include adding a new chapter on methodology in the first section of the book per recommendation from reviewers and "common" practice. This will make the book seem more inviting to a wider swath of the undergraduate market. The current editions "Methodology Box" content from throughout the text will be retained and repurposed as instructor resource material. This is the case with much of the other boxed material as well; Thought; Research Spotlight; Tips, Real- World Applications. It will either be incorporated into the main text or lifted and repurposed as Instructor Materials. In some cases this will allow us to replace a high-cost image with a bibliographic reference to that image. Building on the repurposed box content, instructor resources will be overhauled and include a more robust test bank and how-to instructions for incorporating the principles of "test-enhanced learning" into online quizzes that provide real-time feedback for students (implementable with canvas, moodle, and other Web-based course management systems). Other revision work will focus on updated to critical areas to bring the book current with the science, including: Scientific ideas: predictive coding; dynamical systems framing of motor control and its generalization to cognitive control; reinforcement learning; machine learning with an emphasis on deep learning; divisive normalization as a canonical neural computation and its relevance for understanding attention, decision making, and neurological disease (including Autism Spectrum Disorder, epilepsy, etc.). Methodological advances: graph theoretical analyses, resting state functional connectivity, there's also considerable overlap with computational approaches informed by dynamical systems and reinforcement learning perspectives"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: SECTION I THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF THINKING

1. Introduction And History

Key Themes

A Brief (And Selective) History

Construct Validity In Models Of Cognition

Localization Of Function Vs. Mass Action

The First Scientifically Rigorous Demonstrations Of Localization Of Function

The Localization Of Motor Functions

The Localization Of Visual Perception

The Localization Of Speech

What Is A Brain And What Does It Do?

Looking Ahead To The Development Of Cognitive Neuroscience

End-Of-Chapter Questions

References

Other Sources Used

Further Reading

2. The Brain

Pep Talk

Gross Anatomy

The Cerebral Cortex

The Neuron

Electrical And Chemical Properties Of The Neuron

Ion Channels

How Neurons Communicate: The Action Potential

How Neurons Communicate: The Postsynaptic Consequences Of Neurotransmitter Release

Different Neurotransmitters And Different Receptors Can Produce Different Effects On The Postsynaptic Cell

Synaptic Plasticity

Housekeeping In The Synaptic Cleft

Oscillatory Fluctuations In The Membrane Potential

Neurons Are Never Truly "At Rest"

Oscillatory Synchrony

Complicated, And Complex

3. Methods For Cognitive Neuroscience

Behavior, Structure, Function, And Models

Behavior

Neuropsychology, Neurophysiology, And The Limits Of Inference

Many Stimulation-Based Techniques Share Inferential Principles With Neuropsychology

The Importance Of Specificity

Different Kinds Of Neuropsychology Address Different Kinds Of Questions

Cognitive Neuropsychology

Experimental Neuropsychology

Clinical Neuropsychology

How Does Behavior Relate To Mental Functions?

Methods For Lesioning Targeted Areas Of The Brain

Stroke

Nonlocalized Trauma

Focal Lesions

Noninvasive Methods To Produce "Virtual Lesions"

Transcranial Neurostimulation

The Importance Of Specificity (Again)

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Single-Pulse Tms

"Virtual-Lesion" Tms Protocols

High-Frequency Repetitive (R)Tms

Anatomy And Cellular Physiology

Techniques That Exploit The Cell Biology Of The Neuron

Tract Tracing

Functional Tissue Imaging

Electrophysiology

Invasive Recording With Microelectrodes: Action Potentials And Local Field Potentials

Electrocorticography

Electroencephalography

Magnetoencephalography

Invasive Neurostimulation

Electrical Microstimulation

Optogenetics

Analysis Of Time-Varying Signals

Event-Related Analyses

Advantages Of The Erp Technique

Caveats About The Erp Technique

Considerations

Time-Frequency Analysis

Phase-Amplitude Coupling

Other Measures Of Phase Dynamics

Caveats And Considerations For Spectral Analyses

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Physics And Engineering Bases

Mri Methods For In Vivo Anatomical Imaging

T1-Weighted Imaging

Voxel-Based Morphometry

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

In Vivo "Tract Tracing"

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The Metabolic Demands Of The Action Potential And Of Synaptic Activity

T2*-Weighted Fmri

Task-Related Functional Imaging

Functional Connectivity

Resting State Functional Correlations

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Tomography

X-Ray Computed Tomography

Positron Emission Tomography

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Some Considerations For Experimental Design

Computational Models And Analytic Approaches

Neural Network Modeling

A Pdp Model Of Picture Naming

Deep Neural Networks

Network Science And Graph Theory

SECTION II SENSATION, PERCEPTION, ATTENTION, AND ACTION

4. Sensation And Perception Of Visual Signals

The Dominant Sense In Primates

Organization Of The Visual System

The Visual Field

The Retina And The Lgn Of The Thalamus

The Retinotopic Organization Of Primary Visual Cortex

The Receptive Field

Information Processing In Primary Visual Cortex - Bottom-Up Feature Detection

The V1 Neuron As Feature Detector

Columns, Hypercolumns, And Pinwheels

Inside The Pinwheel

Information Processing In Primary Visual Cortex-Interactivity

Feedforward And Feedback Projections Of V1

Corticothalamic Loops, Center-Surround Inhibition, And Signal-To-Noise Ratio

Setting The State Of Thalamic Neurons: Tonic Mode Vs. Burst Mode

Circularity? It Can Depend On Your Perspective

The Relation Between Visual Processing And The Brain's Physiological State

Where Does Sensation End? Where Does Perception Begin?

5. Audition And Somatosensation

Apologia

Audition

Auditory Sensation

What Is It That We Hear?

Mechanical Transmission And Neural Transduction

Spectral Decomposition Performed By The Basilar Membrane

Auditory Perception

The Auditory-Evoked Response

The Organization Of Auditory Cortex

Top-Down Control Of Auditory Transduction

Adieu To Audition

Somatosensation

Transduction Of Mechanical And Thermal Energy, And Of Pain

Somatotopy

Somatotopy In The Rodent: Barrel Cortex

Optogenetic Exploration Of Gamma-Band Oscillations In Somatosensory Cortex

Somatosensory Plasticity

Use-Dependent Plasticity

The Brain Mimics The Body

Mechanisms Of Somatosensory Plasticity

Phantom Limbs And Phantom Pain

A Hypothesized Mechanism

Helpful Or Harmful?

Proprioception

Adieu To Sensation

6. The Visual System

Familiar Principles And Processes, Applied To Higher-Level Representations

Two Parallel Pathways

A Diversity Of Projections From V1

A Functional Dissociation Of Visual Perception Of What An Object Is Vs. Where It Is Located

Interconnectedness Within And Between The Two Pathways

The Organization And Functions Of The Ventral Visual Processing Stream

Hand Cells, Face Cells, And Grandmother Cells

Electrophysiological Recordings In Temporal Cortex

Broader Implications Of Visual Properties Of Temporal Cortex Neurons

A Hierarchy Of Stimulus Representation

Combination Coding, An Alternative To The "Grand-Mother Cell"

Object-Based (Viewpoint-Independent) Vs. Image-Based (Viewpoint-Dependent) Representation In It

A Critical Role For Feedback In The Ventral Visual Processing Stream

Using Deep Neural Networks To Understand Computations Underlying Object Recognition

Top-Down Feedback Can Disambiguate The Visual Scene

Taking Stock

7. Spatial Cognition And Attention

Unilateral Neglect: A Fertile Source Of Models Of Spatial Cognition And Attention

Unilateral Neglect: A Clinicoanatomical Primer

Hypotheses Arising From Clinical Observations Of Neglect

The Functional Anatomy Of The Dorsal Stream

Coordinate Transformations To Guide Action With Perception

Extracellular Electrophysiological Studies Of Monkeys

From Parietal Space To Medial-Temporal Place

Place Cells In The Hippocampus

How Does Place Come To Be Represented In The Hippocampus?

The Neurophysiology Of Sensory Attention

A Day At The Circus

Attending To Locations Vs. Attending To Objects

Mechanisms Of Spatial Attention

Contradictory Findings From Fmri Vs.

Eeg?

Effects Of Attention On Neuronal Activity

Spatial Attention

Object-Based Attention

Turning Our Attention To The Future

8. Skeletomotor Control

The Organization Of The Motor System

The Anatomy Of The Motor System

The Corticospinal Tract

The Cortico-Cerebellar Circuit

The Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamic Circuits

Functional Principles Of Motor Control

The Biomechanics Of Motor Control

Muscles Behave Like Springs

Motor Computations In The Spinal Cord

Motor Cortex

The Motor Homunculus

The Neurophysiology Of Movement

Eeg And Lfp Correlates

Single-Unit Activity Reveals Population Coding

Motor Control Outside Of Motor Cortex

Parietal Cortex: Guiding How We Move

A Neurological Dissociation Between Perceiving Objects And Acting On Them

Cerebellum: Motor Learning, Balance, ... And Mental Representation?

Cerebellar Circuitry

Cerebellar Functions

The Example Of Pavlovian Conditioning

Hebbian Plasticity

Basal Ganglia

A Subcortical Gate On Cortical Activity

The Role Of Da

Cognitive Functions Of The Motor System

Mirror Neurons

Holding A Mirror Up To Nature?

It's All About Action

9. Oculomotor Control And The Control Of Attention

Attention And Action

Whys And Hows Of Eye Movements

Three Categories Of Eye Movements

The Organization Of The Oculomotor System

An Overview Of The Circuitry

The Superior Colliculus

The Posterior System

The Frontal Eye Field

Contents note continued: The Supplementary Eye Field

The Control Of Eye Movements, And Of Attention, In Humans

Human Oculomotor Control

Human Attentional Control

The Endogenous Control Of Attention

The Exogenous Control Of Attention

The Control Of Attention Via The Oculomotor System

Covert Attention

Covert Attention As Motor Preparation?

Empirical Evidence For Covert Attention As Motor Preparation

Where's The Attentional Controller?

The Reentry Hypothesis

Are Oculomotor Control And Attentional Control Really The "Same Thing"?

The "Method Of Visual Inspection"

Mvpa Of Fmri Data

"Prioritized Maps Of Space In Human Frontoparietal Cortex"

Of Labels And Mechanisms

SECTION III MENTAL REPRESENTATION

10. Visual Object Recognition And Knowledge

Visual Agnosia

Apperceptive Agnosia

Associative Agnosia

Prosopagnosia

Computational Models Of Visual Object Recognition

Two Neuropsychological Traditions

Cognitive Neuropsychology-Influenced Models

Critiques Of Cognitive Neuropsychology-Influenced Models

Pdp-Based Models Offer A Neurally Plausible Alternative For Modeling Cognitive Processes And Architectures

The Cognitive Neuroscience Revolution In Visual Cognition

Category Specificity In The Ventral Stream?

Are Faces Special?

"The Guns Of August"

"The Fusiform Face Area: A Module In Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized For Face Perception"

Questions Raised By The Kanwisher And Colleagues (1997) Findings

Perceptual Expertise

Greeble Expertise

Evidence For A High Degree Of Specificity For Many Categories In Ventral Occipitotemporal Cortex

Evidence For Highly Distributed Category Representation In Ventral Occipitotemporal Cortex

Mvpa Challenges Models Of Modular Category Specificity

Demonstrating Necessity

The Code For Facial Identity In The Primate Brain (!?!)

Visual Perception As Predictive Coding

Playing 20 Questions With The Brain

11. Neural Bases Of Memory

Plasticity, Learning, And Memory

The Case Of H.M.

Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy

The Global Amnesic Syndrome

The Organization Of Memory

The Subjective Experience Of Amnesia

Hippocampus Vs. Mtl?

Association Through Synaptic Modification

Long-Term Potentiation

Hippocampal Circuitry And Its Electrophysiological Investigation

The Nmda Glutamate Receptor As Coincidence Detector

Multiple Stages Of Synaptic Strengthening

The Necessity Of Nmda Channels For Ltm Formation

How Might The Hippocampus Work?

Fast-Encoding Hippocampus Vs. Slow-Encoding Cortex

Episodic Memory For Sequences

Place Cell Precession

Sharp-Wave Ripples

Episodic Memory As An Evolutionary Elaboration Of Navigational Processing

What Are The Cognitive Functions Of The Hippocampus?

Standard Anatomical Model

Challenges To The Standard Anatomical Model

Newer Lesioning Methods

Perceptually Challenging Behavioral Tasks

"New Roles" For The Hippocampus?

Consolidation

Reconsolidation

To Consolidate

12. Declarative Long-Term Memory

The Cognitive Neuroscience Of Ltm

Encoding

Neuroimaging The Hippocampus

Novelty-Driven "Encoding"

Subsequent Memory Effects In The Pfc And Mtl

Uneven Evidence For Encoding-Related Activity In Hippocampus

Incidental Encoding Into Ltm During A Short-Term Memory Task

Signal Intensity-Based Analysis Of The Subsequent Memory Effect

A Short-Term Memory Buffer To Bridge The Temporal Gap Between To-Be-Associated Events

Functional Connectivity-Based Analysis Of The Subsequent Memory Effect

The Hippocampus In Spatial Memory Experts

Retrieval

Retrieval Without Awareness

Documenting Contextual Reinstatement In The Brain

The Dynamics Of Multivariate State Changes Underlying Behavior

Implications For "Mind Reading" ... Well, "Brain Reading"

Familiarity Vs. Recollection

Dual-Process Models

Dual Processes Of Memory Retrieval In The Rodent

Knowledge

13. Semantic Long-Term Memory

Knowledge In The Brain

Definitions And Basic Facts

Category-Specific Deficits Following Brain Damage

Animacy, Or Function?

A Pdp Model Of Modality Specificity

The Domain-Specific Knowledge Hypothesis

How Definitive Is A Single Case Study? A Double Dissociation?

The Neuroimaging Of Knowledge

The Meaning, And Processing, Of Words

An Aside About The Role Of Language In Semantics And The Study Of Semantics

Pet Scanning Of Object Knowledge

Knowledge Retrieval Or Lexical Access?

Repetition Effects And Fmri Adaptation

The Progressive Loss Of Knowledge

Primary Progressive Aphasia Or Semantic Dementia, What's In A Name?

Nonverbal Deficits In Fluent Primary Progressive Aphasia?

The Locus Of Damage In Fluent Primary Progressive Aphasia?

Distal Effects Of Neurodegeneration

Entente Cordiale

Nuance And Challenges

14. Working Memory

"Prolonged Perception" Or "Activated Ltm?"

Definitions

Working Memory And The Pfc? The Roots Of A Long And Fraught Association

Early Focus On Role Of Pfc In The Control Of Stm

Single-Unit Delay-Period Activity In Pfc And Thalamus

The Implications, And Influence, Of These First Studies Of Pfc Electrophysiology

The Multiple-Component Model Of Working Memory

Extracellular Electrophysiology Inspired By The Multiple-Component Model

Alternative Accounts Of Delay-Period Activity In The Pfc

Working Memory Capacity And Contralateral Delay Activity

The Electrophysiology Of Visual Working Memory Capacity

The Cda In Visual Cognition

Novel Insights From Multivariate Data Analysis

The Tradition Of Univariate Analyses

Mvpa Of Fmri

Increased Sensitivity Reveals Delay-Period Storage In "Unactivated" Areas

Increased Specificity Raises Questions About The Interpretation Of Elevated Delay-Period Activity

The Neural Bases Of Visual Working Memory

Retrospective Mvpa Of Single-Unit Extracellular Recordings

Activity? Who Needs Activity?

Four-Score And A Handful Of Years (And Counting)

SECTION IV HIGH-LEVEL COGNITION

15. Cognitive Control

The Lateral Frontal-Lobe Syndrome

Environmental-Dependency Syndrome

Perseveration

Electrophysiology Of The Frontal-Lobe Syndrome

Integration?

Models Of Cognitive Control

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

The A-Not-B Error

Is The A-Not-B Error A Failure Of Working Memory?

Generalizing Beyond Development

What Makes The Pfc Special?

Properties Of The Pfc

Influence Of The Da Reward Signal On The Functions Of Pfc

Combining A Rpe Signal With A Flexible Pfc To Over-Come Perseveration

Neural Activity Relating To Cognitive Control

Error Monitoring

The Ern/Ne

Performance Monitoring And The Dmfc

Pre-Response Conflict

Decision Uncertainty

Response Error

Negative Feedback

Dmfc-Pfc Interactions

Going Meta

Where Is The Controller?

16. Decision Making

Between Perception And Action

Perceptual Decision Making

Judging The Direction Of Motion

Microstimulation Of Mt

Lip

Modeling Perceptual Decision Making

A Psychological Model (Signal Detection Theory)

A Circuit Model Of Spiking Neurons

Controversy And Complications

Perceptual Decision Making In Humans

Value-Based Decision Making

The Influence Of Expected Value On Activity In Lip

Decision Variables Emergent From Motor Plans

Common Currency In The Ompfc

Transitivity, Value Transitivity, And Menu Invariance

Evidence From The Nonhuman Primate

Evidence From Humans

Has Neuroeconomics Taught Us Anything About The Economics Of Decision Making?

Foraging

Adolescence

Boys Being Boys

Peer Pressure

Next Stop

17. Social Behavior

Trustworthiness: A Preamble

Delaying Gratification: A Social Influence On A "Frontal" Class Of Behaviors

The Role Of Vmpfc In The Control Of Social Cognition

Phineas Gage

Horrible Accident

Sequelae

Contemporary Behavioral Neurology

Linking Neurological And Psychiatric Approaches To Social Behavior

Theory Of Mind

The Tom Network

Two Asides About Anterior Paracingulate Cortex

The Temporoparietal Junction (Tpj)

Challenge To The Specificity Of Tpj For Tom

False Beliefs (?) About Rebecca Saxe's Mind

Fmri With Higher Spatial Resolution

Rtms Of Rtpj During Moral Judgments

Moral Judgments, Tpj, And Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Final Assessment Of The Role Of Rtpj In Tom Mentalization

Observational Learning

Predicting The Outcome Of Someone Else's Actions

Studying Observational Learning With Model-Based Fmri

Trustworthiness, Revisited

Contents note continued: Other Sources Used

18. Emotion

What Is An Emotion?

Approach/Withdrawal

From "Feeling Words" To Neural Systems

At The Nexus Of Perception And Social Cognition

Trustworthiness Revisited

Again

A Role For The Amygdala In The Processing Of Trustworthiness

Neuropsychological Evidence

Fmri Evidence

Implicit Information Processing By The Amygdala

Neural Bases Of Racial Stereotyping

The Amygdala

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Pavlovian Fear Conditioning

Induction

Distinguishing Avoidance Learning From Fear Conditioning

Emotional Content In Declarative Memories

Pharmacological Interference With Norepinephrine

Emotional Declarative Memory In Patients With Amygdala Lesions

The Amygdala's Influence On Other Brain Systems

The Control Of Emotions

Extinction

Research In The Rodent

The Roles Of Midline Frontal Cortex

Fear Conditioning And Extinction In The Human

The Volitional Regulation Of Emotion

Meditation As Mental Training In Emotion Regulation

The Role Of Awareness

How Does That Make You Feel?

19. Language

A System Of Remarkable Complexity

Wernicke-Lichtheim: The Classical Core Language Network

The Aphasias

The Functional Relevance Of The Connectivity Of The Network

Speech Perception

Segregation Of The Speech Signal

The Elements Of Language

The Speech Signal

Neural Correlates Of Speech Perception

Dual Routes For Speech Processing

Grammar

Genetics

Is There A Grammar Gene?

Rules In The Brain?

Broca's Area

The Connectivity Of Broca's Area

Functional Accounts Of Broca's Area

Pyrrhic Battles?

The Electrophysiology Of Grammar

Speech Production

A Psycholinguistic Model Of Production

Forward Models For The Control Of Production

Prediction

Integration

20. Consciousness

The Most Complex Object In The Universe

Different Approaches To The Problem

The Physiology Of Consciousness

Neurological Syndromes

Coma

Vegetative State/Uws

Locked-In Syndrome

Detecting Awareness In The Vegetative State

Recovery Of Consciousness From Coma Or Uws

Two Dimensions Along Which Consciousness Can Vary

Sleep

Studying Sleep (And Consciousness) With Simultaneous Tms-Eeg

Anesthesia

Studying Anesthesia With Tms/Eeg

Studying Anesthesia With Surface Eeg And Deep Brain Eeg

Summary Across Physiological Studies

Brain Functions Supporting Conscious Perception

Are We Conscious Of Activity In Early Sensory Cortex?

What Intrinsic Factors Influence Conscious Visual Perception?

Bottom-Up And Top-Down Influences On Conscious Visual Perception

The Role Of Reentrant Signals To V1

Manipulating Extrinsic Factors To Study Conscious Vs. Unconscious Vision

Are Attention And Awareness The Same Thing?

Theories Of Consciousness

Global Workspace Theory

Recurrent Processing Theory

Integrated Information Theory

A Practical Application Of Integrated Information Theory

Updating The Consciousness Graph

Further Reading.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Mary M. Kaufman Memorial Fund for Neuro-Science & Biomedical Engineering Source.

Other Format:

Online version: Postle, Bradley R., Essentials of cognitive neuroscience

ISBN:

9781119674153

1119674158

OCLC:

1141041307

Publisher Number:

99987422759