The microbiome in prenatal and neonatal life / Josef Neu.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Neu, Josef, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Fetus--Physiology.

Fetus.

Newborn infants--Physiology.

Newborn infants.

Medical microbiology.

Gastrointestinal system--Microbiology.

Gastrointestinal system.

Genre:

Electronic books.

Physical Description:

1 online resource

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam : Academic Press, 2021.

System Details:

text file

Contents:

1 Evolutionary microbiology

Historical perspective p. 1

Microbe-host ecosystem p. 3

Slow versus fast evolution p. 4

Friends versus enemies p. 5

Microbe-human interactions in early human development p. 6

Microbial metabolic functions p. 6

2 The microbiome before birth

Reproductive success p. 9

Uterus, placenta, and fetus p. 10

The sterile womb hypothesis and the scientific "knife fight" p. 10

Microbes in babies' first stool (meconium) p. 12

If there are microbes in the womb, what role do they play? p. 13

If there is a nonsterile womb, where do the microbes come from? p. 14

Role of microbial vertical transmission in humans p. 15

3 Mode of delivery effects on the developing microbiome ana its consequences

Introduction: "Caesarian" deliveries p. 19

Trends in CD rates p. 19

Immediate complications of CD p. 21

Longer term consequences to the baby of CD vs vaginal delivery p. 21

Does CD alter the developing microbiome and is there a link between the development of microbes and the outcomes seen in epidemiologic studies p. 22

Can we infer that difference in microbial colonization patterns and disease occurrence related to mode of delivery show that this is the cause of these diseases? p. 23

Is vaginal seeding, i.e., "microbial baptism" an indicated practice? p. 24

4 The human milk microbiome and associated factors

Microbes in human milk p. 28

Human milk composition p. 29

Human milk microbiota p. 30

Human milk metabolites p. 30

Special circumstance: Use of various milks for the preterm infant p. 31

Immune factors p. 32

5 Postnatal colonization of the intestinal tract: Host microbial interactions

Postnatal microbiota and intestinal development p. 37

The intestinal immune system p. 38

Physical and chemical protective factors p. 38

Immunologically important intestinal epithelial cells p. 39

Intestinal cells underlie the epithelial layer p. 41

Inflammatory response cells and mediators: Cytokines and chemokines p. 41

How does the immune system recognize microbes? p. 42

Beneficial intestinal microbes p. 44

Nutrition/metabolism p. 45

Immune protection p. 45

6 The lung microbiome

Introduction and historical perspective p. 49

How are microbes evaluated in humans? p. 50

Why study the lung microbiome? p. 51

When do lung-microbial interactions begin? p. 51

Prevention of BPD in the preterm neonate p. 52

7 Environmental influences

Antibiotics p. 57

During pregnancy p. 57

Postnatal antibiotic use-Term infants p. 59

Postnatal antibiotic use-Preterm infants p. 60

Effects of feeding p. 62

Microbiome and developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD): Summary of the effects of environmental factors p. 63

8 The human skin microbiome

Microbes and the skin p. 68

What makes skin microbes differ from microbes derived from other body sites such as the intestine? p. 70

The immune system of the skin p. 71

The neonatal and infant skin microbiome p. 71

Skin disorders in relation to the early microbiome p. 73

Atopic dermatitis p. 73

Erythema toxicum neonatorum p. 74

9 The brain-gut-microbiota axis

The gut-microbiota-brain axis p. 78

Metabolic roles of the microbiota p. 80

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) p. 81

Gamma aminobutyric acid p. 82

Neuroimmunologic role of intestinal microbes p. 84

Intestinal microbiota and neurodevelopment p. 84

Neurogenesis p. 86

10 The developing microbiome and autoimmunity

The intestinal microbiome and autoimmune disease p. 89

The developing microbiome in type 1 diabetes p. 90

The "perfect storm" hypothesis p. 92

The intestinal barrier in T1D p. 92

Intestinal epithelial cells p. 93

Microfold (M) cells p. 93

Intraepithelial lymphocytes p. 93

Dendritic cells p. 94

Intestinal permeability ("gut leakiness") and T1D p. 94

Which microbes are associated with T1D and autoimmunity? p. 96

11 Necrotizing enterocolitis and the microbiome

What is NEC? p. 100

Why is NEC so elusive? p. 100

The preterm infant intestine p. 102

The prenatal intestinal microbiome p. 102

The postnatal intestinal microbiome p. 103

Microbial patterns associated with intestinal injury in the preterm neonate p. 103

Studies in humans p. 104

12 Microbial therapies in the perinatal and neonatal period

Probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics p. 107

Use during pregnancy p. 108

Probiotics in preterm neonates p. 109

Do we have alternatives? p. 111

Novel therapies p. 112

13 The virome

Viruses as friends and foes in the perinatal and neonatal periods p. 119

A case p. 119

Viruses p. 120

Bacteriophages (or "phages" for short) p. 121

Development of the human virome p. 124

The womb p. 124

The intestine p. 124

Do human viromes differ depending on geography or other environmental factors? p. 124

14 Integration with epigenetics

Introduction: What is epigenetics? p. 127

Epigenetic mechanisms p. 128

DNA methylation p. 128

Histone modification p. 129

RNA-related modifications p. 129

How is epigenetics associated with disease? p. 130

Environmental influences p. 130

Epigenome, microbiome, and genomic interactions in the pre, peri, and neonatal periods p. 130

Methyl donors and cofactors p. 131

Microbiome, epigenome, inheritance of behavior p. 132

Maternal microbiota during pregnancy p. 133

Postnatal microbiome, nutrition, and epigenetic modifications p. 133

15 The early microbiome and subsequent obesity

The microbiome and obesity: Historical perspective p. 138

Microbial differences between obese and nonobese individuals p. 139

Maternal diet: Associations to obesity in the offspring p. 139

Gut microbiota, epigenetics, and metabolic function p. 140

Can we intervene microbiologically to prevent obesity? p. 141

16 Epilogue: The future p. 146.

Other Format:

Print version:

ISBN:

0128206098

9780128206096

OCLC:

1233314734

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.