Non-equilibrium thermodynamics for engineers / S. Kjelstrup, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway, D. Bedeaux, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway, E. Johannessen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway, J. Gross, University of Stuttgart, Germany.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Kjelstrup, Signe, author.

Bedeaux, Dick, 1941- author.

Johannessen, Eivind, author.

Gross, Joachim (Chemical engineer), author.

Contributor:

ProQuest ebook central.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

Chemical engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xvii, 281 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

New Jersey : World Scientific, [2017]

[Place of publication not identified] : [publisher not identified], [2017]

System Details:

text file

Summary:

Kjelstrup, Bedeaux, Johannessen, and Gross describe what non-equilibrium thermodynamics is in a simple and practical way and how it can add to engineering design. They explain how to describe proper equations of transport that are more precise than those used so far. and how to use them to understand the waste of energy resources in central process units in the industry The authors introduce the entropy balance as an additional equation to use in engineering; to create consistent thermodynamic models, and to systematically minimize energy losses that are connected with the transport of heat, mass, charge and momentum. Chapters concerning phase transitions and membrane transport have been added to take advantage of recent developments in surface transport. Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics for Engineers teaches the essence of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and its applications at a level comprehensible to engineering students, practitioner engineers, and scientists working on industrial problems. The book may be used as a textbook in basic engineering curricula or graduate courses. Book jacket.

Contents:

1 Scope 1

2 Why non-equilibrium thermodynamics? 7

2.1 Simple flux equations 8

2.2 Flux equations in non-equilibrium thermodynamics 10

2.3 The lost work of an industrial plant 13

2.4 The second law efficiency. The energy destruction footprint 18

2.5 Consistent thermodynamic modeling 21

3 The entropy production of one-dimensional transport processes 23

3.1 Balance equations 25

3.2 Entropy production 27

3.3 Examples 31

3.4 The frame of reference for fluxes 38

4 Flux equations and transport coefficients 41

4.1 Linear flux-force relations 42

4.2 Transport of heat and mass 45

4.3 Transport of heat and charge 52

4.4 Transport of mass and charge 58

4.4.1 The mobility model 62

4.5 Concluding remarks 63

5 Non-isothermal multi-component diffusion 65

5.1 Isothermal diffusion 66

5.1.1 Prigogine's theorem applied 67

5.1.2 Diffusion in the solvent frame of reference 68

5.1.3 Maxwell-Stefan equations 70

5.1.4 Changing a frame of reference 73

5.2 Non-isothermal diffusion 77

5.3 Concluding remarks 80

6 Systems with shear flow 81

6.1 Balance equations 82

6.1.1 Component balances 82

6.1.2 Momentum balance 82

6.1.3 Internal energy balance 83

6.2 Entropy production 83

6.3 Stationary pipe flow 91

6.4 The plug flow reactor 93

6.5 Transport coefficients: viscosity and thermal conductivity 94

6.6 Concluding remarks 97

7 Chemical reactions 99

7.1 The Gibbs energy change of a chemical reaction 101

7.2 The reaction path 105

7.2.1 The chemical potential 106

7.2.2 The entropy production 108

7.3 A rate equation with a thermodynamic basis 108

7.4 The law of mass action 110

7.5 The entropy production on the mesoscopic scale 112

7.6 Concluding remarks 114

8 The lost work in the aluminum electrolysis 115

8.1 The aluminum electrolysis cell 116

8.2 The thermodynamic efficiency 118

8.3 A simplified cell model 120

8.4 Lost work due to charge transfer 122

8.4.1 The bulk electrolyte 122

8.4.2 The diffusion layer at the cathode 122

8.4.3 The electrode surfaces 123

8.4.4 The bulk part of the anode and cathode 123

8.5 Lost work by excess carbon consumption 124

8.6 Lost work due to heat transport through the walls 125

8.6.1 Conduction across the walls 125

8.6.2 Surface radiation and convection 127

8.7 The energy destruction footprint 127

8.8 Concluding remarks 129

9 Coupled transport through surfaces 131

9.1 The Gibbs surface in local equilibrium 132

9.2 Balance equations 134

9.3 The excess entropy production 138

9.4 Stationary state evaporation and condensation 144

9.5 Equilibrium at the electrode surface. Nernst equation 147

9.6 Stationary states at electrode surfaces. The overpotential 149

9.7 Concluding remarks 151

10 Transport through membranes 153

10.1 Introduction 153

10.2 Osmosis 154

10.3 Thermal osmosis 156

10.3.1 Water and power production 157

10.4 Electro-osmosis at constant temperature 158

10.4.1 Contributions from the electrodes 159

10.4.2 Contributions from the membrane 159

10.5 Transport of ions and water across ion-exchange membranes 161

10.5.1 The isothermal, isobaric system 162

10.5.2 The isothermal, non-isobaric system 164

10.5.3 The non-isothermal, isobaric system 165

10.6 The salt power plant 168

10.7 Concluding remarks 170

11 The state of minimum entropy production 171

11.1 Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas 173

11.1.1 Expansion work 174

11.1.2 The entropy production 176

11.1.3 The optimization idea 177

11.2 Optimal control theory 179

11.3 Heat exchange 183

11.3.1 The entropy production 185

11.3.2 Optimal control theory and heat exchange 187

11.4 The plug now reactor 191

11.4.1 The entropy production 192

11.4.2 Optimal control theory and plug flow reactors 196

11.4.3 A highway in state space 197

11.4.4 Reactor design 201

11.5 Distillation columns 203

11.5.1 The entropy production 205

11.5.2 The state of minimum entropy production 207

11.5.3 Column design 212

11.6 Concluding remarks 214.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 249-266) and index.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI Available via World Wide Web.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9789813200319

9813200316

Publisher Number:

99986163150

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.