Fundamentals of medicinal chemistry for pharmacy students. Volume 1, Fundamentals of medicinal chemistry and drug metabolism / edited by M. O. Faruk Khan and Ashok Philip.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Khan, M. O. Faruk, Author.

Contributor:

Faruk Khan, M. O., editor.

Philip, Ashok, editor.

Series:

Medicinal Chemistry for Pharmacy Students ; 1

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pharmaceutical chemistry.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (349 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Sharjah, UAE : Bentham Science Publishers, [2018]

Summary:

The primary objective of this 4-volume book series is to educate PharmD students on the subject of medicinal chemistry. The book set serves as a reference guide to pharmacists on aspects of chemical basis of drug action. This first volume of the series is comprised of 8 chapters focusing on basic background information about medicinal chemistry. It takes a succinct and conceptual approach to introducing important fundamental concepts required for a clear understanding of various facets of pharmacotherapeutic agents drug metabolism and important biosynthetic pathways that are relevant to drug action. Notable topics covered in this first volume include the scope and importance of medicinal chemistry in pharmacy education a comprehensive discussion of the organic functional groups present in drugs and information about four major types of biomolecules (proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids) and key heterocyclic ring systems. The concepts of acid-base chemistry and salt formation and their applications to the drug action and design follow thereafter. These include concepts of solubility and lipid-water partition coefficient (LWPC) isosterism stereochemical properties mechanisms of drug action drug receptor interactions critical for pharmacological responses of drugs and much more. Students and teachers will be able to integrate the knowledge presented in the book and apply medicinal chemistry concepts to understand the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic agents in the body.

Contents:

Intro

Introduction

M. O. Faruk Khan1,* and Ashok Philip2

BRIEF HISTORY AND ROLE OF PHARMACISTS

BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

DEFINITION OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY IN PHARMACY EDUCATION

An Abridged Medicinal Chemistry Vocabulary [15]

Medicinal Chemistry in Drug Discovery and Development

SCOPE OF THIS BOOK SERIES

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Review of Bioorganic Chemistry

M. O. Faruk Khan1,* and Ashim Malhotra2

AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Alkanes, Alkenes and Cycloalkanes

Definition and Nomenclature of Alkanes, Alkenes and Cycloalkanes

Physicochemical Properties of Alkanes, Alkenes and Cyclic Alkanes

Alkyl Halides

Definition and Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides

Physicochemical Properties of Alkyl Halides

Aromatic Compounds

Definition and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds

Physicochemical Properties of Aromatic Compounds

Alcohols and Phenols

Definition and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Physicochemical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Ethers and Thioethers

Definition and Nomenclature of Ethers

Physicochemical Properties of Ethers

Aldehydes and Ketones

Definition and Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones

Physicochemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Amines

Definition and Nomenclature of Amines

Physicochemical Properties of Amines

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Definitions and Nomenclatures of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Physicochemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Few Pharmaceutically Important Heterocyclic Ring Systems

Five-Membered Unsaturated Heterocycles

Six-Membered Unsaturated Heterocycles

Fused-ring Heterocycles

Tricyclic, Tetracyclic and Bridged Ring Systems

THE BIOMOLECULES.

Carbohydrates

Classification of Carbohydrates

Other Important Carbohydrates and Derivatives (Fig. 9)

Lipids

Fatty Acids

Glycerides (Acylglycerols)

Phospholipids

Eicosanoids

Steroids

Proteins

Amino Acids

Isoelectric Point of Amino Acids

Peptides and Proteins

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Protein Structures (Fig. 22)

Nucleic Acids

The Nucleotides and Nucleosides

DNA Structure

DNA Replication

RNA Structure and Transcription

STUDENT SELF-STUDY GUIDE

STUDENTS SELF-ASSESSMENT

Acid-base Chemistry and Salt Formation

Hardeep Sing Saluja1 and M. O. Faruk Khan2,*

INTRODUCTION

ACID-BASE THEORIES

Arrhenius Concept

Brønsted-Lowry Concept

Lewis Concept

Application of Lewis and Brønsted-Lowry Definitions to Imidazole

ACIDIC AND BASIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OCCUR IN DRUG MOLECULES

Oxy Acids

Thio Acids

Amine Bases

Aromatic Amines

Acidic Amides (Azo Acids)

ß-Diketone

ACID-BASE STRENGTHS

Acid-Conjugate Base and Base-Conjugate Acid

Percent Ionization

For Weak Acids (HA Acids)

For Weak Bases (BH+ Acids)

Electron Withdrawing Effect

Electron Donating Effect

PH PARTITION THEORY

SALT FORMATION

Definition of Salts

Organic Base Reacting with an Inorganic Acid

Organic Acid Reacting with an Inorganic Base

Organic Acid Reacting with an Organic Base

Acidity or Basicity of Salts

CASE STUDIES

STUDENT SELF-ASSESSMENT

Part I: Multiple Choice Questions

Part II: K-Type Question

Part III: Matching Question.

Solubility and Lipid-Water Partition Coefficient

SOLUBILITY.

Factors Affecting Solubility

Solvation

Forces Involved in Solvation

Polarity, Lipophilicity and Related Parameters

Predicting Solubility of Drugs Based on Functional Groups

Lemke's Empirical Method [7]

Cate's Analytical Method [7]

PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Lipid-Water Partition Coefficient

Application of Partition Coefficient to Drugs

STUDENT SELF ASSESMENT

Part I - Multiple Choice Questions:

Part II - K-Type Questions:

Part III - Matching Questions:

Isosteric and Spatial Considerations of Drugs

M. O. Faruk Khan1,* and Timothy J. Hubin2

ISOSTERISM AND BIOISOSTERISM

Isosterism in Drugs

SPATIAL CONSIDERATION OF DRUGS

The Significance of the Study of Stereochemistry

Stereochemical Definitions and Illustrations

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Rules [9]

Cis-Trans Isomerism

STUDENTS SELF ASSESMENT

Fundamentals of Drug Action

M. O. Faruk Khan1,* and Taufiq Rahman2

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

DRUG RECEPTORS

MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION ON RECEPTOR LEVEL

THEORIES OF DRUG ACTION

Occupancy Theory

Modification of Occupancy Theory

Rate Theory

Induced-Fit Theory

Macromolecular Perturbation Theory

Occupation-Activation Theory of "Two-State" Model

DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS

The Interaction (bond) Types

Covalent Bonds

Non-covalent Bonds

STUDENTS SELF-STUDY GUIDE

Drug Metabolism

Rahmat Talukder1, Ashok Philip2 and M. O. Faruk Khan3,*

INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS

Roles Played by Drug Metabolism.

1. Drug Inactivation or Detoxification

2. Similar Activity

3. Different Activity

4. Intoxication

5. Activation

Enzymes Involved in Drug Metabolism

Oxidases

Oxidoreductases

Transferases

Hydrolases

Sites of Drug Metabolism

First-pass effect

Enterohepatic circulation

Enzyme Induction &amp

Inhibition

PATHWAYS OF METABOLISM

Phase I Metabolic Reactions

Oxidation

Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydroxylations

Alkene and Alkyne Hydroxylation

Aromatic (Arene) Hydroxylation

Oxidation Involving Carbon-Nitrogen Systems

Oxidation Involving Carbon-Oxygen Systems: O-Dealkylation

Oxidation of Carbon-Sulfur Systems: S-Dealkylation, Desulfuration, and S-Oxidation

Dehalogenation

Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes

Reductive Reactions

Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nitro and Azo Reduction

Azido Reduction

Reduction of Sulfur Containing Compounds

Reductive Dehalogenation

Hydrolytic Reactions

Phase II Metabolic Reactions

Glucuronic Acid Conjugation

Sulfonate Conjugation

Amino Acid Conjugation

Glutathione Conjugation

Acetyl Conjugation

Fatty Acid and Cholesterol Conjugation

Methyl Conjugation

STEREOCHEMISTRY AND DRUG METABOLISM

Itraconazol (ITZ) Metabolism

Etodolac Metabolism

Etomidate Metabolism

Warfarin Metabolism

Propranolol Metabolism

PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE METABOLITES

The Active Metabolites of Tamoxifen and Thioridazine

The Active Metabolites of Metoprolol and Morphine

Diazepam, Temazepam, and Oxazepam

Active Metabolite of Doxepine

The Active Metabolites of Atorvastatin

PRODRUGS, SOFT DRUGS AND ANTEDRUGS

Common Functional Groups in Prodrugs

Prodrugs with Increased Lipophilicity

Prodrugs with Increased Hydrophilicity as well as Parenteral Applicability.

Prodrugs with Improved Site-Specific Delivery

Other Prodrugs

The Soft Drugs and Antedrugs

FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG METABOLISM

Influence of Age on Drug Metabolism

Influence of Sex on Drug Metabolism

Genetic Polymorphism

Effects of Smoking on Drug Metabolism

Effects of Grapefruit Juice on Drug Metabolism

Part II: K-Type question. Chose the answer

Part III: Matching questions.

Biosynthetic Pathways Frequently Targeted by Pharmaceutical Intervention

Jason L. Johnson1 and M. O. Faruk Khan2,*

EICOSANOID BIOSYNTHESIS

Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes Biosynthesis: The "Cyclic" Pathway

Leukotrienes and Lipoxins Biosynthesis: The "Linear" Pathway

EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE BIOSYNTHESIS

Pathways

FOLIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS

STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS

Cholesterol Biosynthesis

Adrenocorticoid Biosynthesis

Sex Hormone Biosynthesis

NUCLEIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS

Purine Biosynthesis

Pyrimidine Biosynthesis

Deoxyribonucleotide Biosynthesis

Purine Catabolism

Pyrimidine Catabolism

Purine Salvage Pathway

Pyrimidine Salvage Pathway

Regulation of Nucleotide Metabolism

FURTHER READING

Subject Index.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781681086873

1681086875

OCLC:

1428752860