Solar hydrogen production : processes, systems and technologies / edited by Francesco Calise [and four others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Calise, Francesco, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Hydrogen as fuel.

Thermochemistry.

Solar energy.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (588 pages)

Place of Publication:

London, United Kingdom : Academic Press an imprint of Elsevier, [2019]

Summary:

Solar Hydrogen Production: Processes, Systems and Technologies presents the most recent developments in solar-driven hydrogen generation methods. The book covers different hydrogen production routes, from renewable sources, to solar harvesting technologies. Sections focus on solar energy, presenting the main thermal and electrical technologies suitable for possible integration into solar-based hydrogen production systems and present a thorough examination of solar hydrogen technologies, ranging from solar-driven water electrolysis and solar thermal methods, to photo-catalytic and biological processes. All hydrogen-based technologies are covered, including data regarding the state-of-the art of each process in terms of costs, efficiency, measured parameters, experimental analyses, and demonstration projects.In the last part of the book, the role of hydrogen in the integration of renewable sources in electric grids, transportation sector, and end-user applications is assessed, considering their current status and future perspectives. The book includes performance data, tables, models and references to available standards. It is thus a key-resource for engineering researchers and scientists, in both academic and industrial contexts, involved in designing, planning and developing solar hydrogen systems.- Offers a comprehensive overview of conventional and advanced solar hydrogen technologies, including simulation models, cost figures, R&D projects, demonstration projects, test standards, and safety and handling issues- Encompasses, in a single volume, information on solar energy and hydrogen systems- Includes detailed economic data on each technology for feasibility assessment of different systems

Contents:

Front Cover

Solar Hydrogen Production

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

About the Editors

Part I: Introduction to hydrogen production routes: Processes and technologies

Chapter 1: Hydrogen properties

1.1. Introduction

1.2. History of hydrogen

1.3. Atomic and molecular hydrogen

1.4. Hydrogen compounds

1.5. Energy from hydrogen

1.6. Hydrogen physical and chemical properties

1.6.1. Difference between protium, deuterium, and tritium

1.6.2. Similarities between protium, deuterium, and tritium

1.7. Thermodynamical properties of hydrogen

1.8. Flammability of hydrogen

1.9. Reactivity of hydrogen

1.10. Hydrogen production

1.11. Applications of hydrogen

1.12. Safe use of hydrogen

References

Further reading

Chapter 2: Hydrogen policy, market, and R&amp

D projects

2.1. Hydrogen in the National policies

2.2. Research &amp

Development in solar hydrogen production

2.3. Market and cost metrics of solar hydrogen production

2.3.1. Market of solar hydrogen production

2.3.2. Cost metrics of solar hydrogen production

Chapter 3: Hydrogen production

3.1. Hydrogen production from fossil fuels

3.1.1. The gasification of coal

3.1.2. Steam reforming

3.1.2.1. Natural gas (methane) steam reforming

3.1.2.2. LPG steam reforming

3.1.2.3. Methanol steam reforming

3.1.2.4. Gasoline reforming

3.1.2.5. Ethanol steam reforming

3.1.3. FT distillate process

3.1.4. Autothermal reforming

3.1.5. Thermal cracking

3.2. Hydrogen from water splitting

3.3. Biomass-based hydrogen production

3.3.1. Thermochemical hydrogen production from biomass

3.3.2. Hydrogen production from biomass pyrolysis

3.3.3. Hydrogen production by biomass gasification

3.4. Biological hydrogen production

3.4.1. Direct biophotolysis.

3.4.2. Indirect biophotolysis

3.4.3. Photo-fermentation

3.4.4. Dark fermentation

3.5. Hydrogen recovery from waste gas stream

3.5.1. Cryogenic distillation

3.5.2. Absorption process

3.5.3. Adsorption

3.5.4. Membrane separation

3.5.5. Membrane contactor process

3.6. Conclusion

Chapter 4: Hydrogen storage

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Hydrogen storage methods

4.3. Pressurized hydrogen storage

4.4. Liquefied hydrogen storage

4.5. Metal hydrides

4.5.1. Types of metal hydrides

4.5.1.1. AB5 intermetallic compounds

4.5.1.2. AB2 intermetallic compounds

4.5.1.3. AB intermetallic compounds

4.5.1.4. Other intermetallic compounds

4.6. Hydrogen storage in nanostructured/porous material

4.6.1. Carbon nanotubes

4.6.2. Zeolites

4.6.3. Metal organic framework

4.6.4. Covalent organic framework

4.7. Glass microspheres

4.8. Boron-based storage

4.9. The storage in underground

4.10. Methanol

4.11. Petrol and other hydrocarbons

Part II: Solar harvesting

Chapter 5: Solar energy availability

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Position of the receiving surfaces

5.2.1. Sun-Earth position

5.2.2. Components of solar radiation

5.2.3. Direction of beam radiation

5.3. Position of the Sun in the sky

5.3.1. Sunrise and sunset times and day length

5.3.2. Incidence angle

5.3.2.1. Slope and orientation for solar systems

5.3.2.2. Incidence angle for tracking surfaces

5.3.2.2.1. Full tracking system

5.3.2.2.2. One axis tracking

5.4. Measurement of solar radiation

5.5. Shadow

5.5.1. Minimum distance between rows

5.5.2. Shadows quantification

5.6. Algorithms to calculate the terrestrial solar radiation

5.6.1. Extraterrestrial radiation

5.6.2. Estimation of average solar radiation.

5.6.3. Radiation on tilted surfaces

5.6.4. Estimation of hourly radiation from daily data

5.7. Solar databases

5.7.1. European databases

5.7.1.1. PVGIS-Photovoltaic geographical information system (PVGIS)

5.7.1.2. ESRA (European solar radiation atlas)

5.7.1.3. SoDa (solar data)

5.7.1.4. Satel.Light. The European database of daylight and solar radiation

5.7.1.5. SOLEMI (solar energy mining)

5.7.2. Worldwide databases

5.7.2.1. Meteonorm

5.7.2.2. SSE-NASA (surface meteorology and solar energy)

5.7.2.3. NREL-solar radiation resource information

5.7.2.4. WRDC (World Radiation Data Centre)

5.7.2.5. BSRN (baseline surface radiation network)

Chapter 6: Solar thermal collectors

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Nonconcentrating collectors

6.2.1. Flat-plate solar thermal collector

6.2.1.1. FPC modeling

6.2.2. Evacuated tube collector

6.2.2.1. Evacuated tube technology

6.2.2.2. ETC modeling

6.2.2.3. Evacuated gap technology

6.3. Concentrating collectors

6.3.1. Compound parabolic collector

6.3.2. Parabolic trough collector

6.3.2.1. PTC modeling

6.3.3. Linear Fresnel reflector

6.3.4. Parabolic dish

Chapter 7: Solar thermal power plants

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Solar-driven Rankine cycle

7.2.1. Heat transfer fluid in the indirect solar Rankine cycle

7.2.2. Direct steam generation

7.2.3. Thermal energy storage system

7.2.3.1. Active TES systems

7.2.3.2. Passive TES systems

7.3. Solar organic Rankine cycle

7.3.1. ORC working fluid

7.3.2. ORC expanders

7.3.3. Case studies

7.4. Power tower systems

7.4.1. Heliostats

7.4.2. Central receiver

7.4.3. Water/steam SPT systems

7.4.4. Molten salts SPT systems

7.4.5. Air SPT systems

7.5. Dish systems.

7.5.1. Solar Dish/Stirling systems

7.5.2. Solar Dish/Brayton systems

7.5.3. Solar dish applications

7.6. Fresnel reflectors

7.6.1. LFR applications

7.7. Hybrid systems

7.8. Supercritical CO2

7.9. Conclusions

Chapter 8: Solar photovoltaics (PV)

8.1. Basic theory of semiconductors. Photovoltaic effect

8.1.1. Doping

8.1.2. Diodes

8.2. Conversion of sunlight into electricity

8.3. Basic structure of a solar cell

8.4. Characteristics of a solar cell

8.4.1. V-I curve

8.4.2. Short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage

8.4.3. Power curve. Maximum power point

8.4.4. Fill factor

8.4.5. Cell conversion efficiency

8.4.6. Influence of temperature

8.4.7. Influence of concentration

8.4.8. Standard test conditions (STC)

8.5. Cell types

8.5.1. Monocrystalline silicon solar cells

8.5.2. Polycrystalline silicon solar cells

8.5.3. Thin-film technologies

8.5.4. Amorphous silicon cells

8.5.5. Gallium arsenide and semiconductor III-V solar cells

8.5.6. Cadmium telluride solar cells

8.5.7. Copper and Indium selenide solar cells

8.5.8. Multiunion cells

8.5.9. Bifacial cells

8.5.10. Nanostructured TiO2 cells sensitized by dye and organic cells

8.6. The photovoltaic module

8.7. Characteristics of a photovoltaic module

8.7.1. Electrical parameters

8.7.2. Thermal parameters

8.7.3. Other physical parameters

8.7.4. Behavior under any conditions of operation

8.8. Work point of a photovoltaic module

8.9. PV applications

8.10. Estimation of the production of photovoltaic systems connected to the grid

8.10.1. Evaluation of the behavior of photovoltaic systems connected to the grid

8.10.1.1. Final system production index (final system yield), Yf.

8.10.1.2. Reference production (or productivity) index (reference yield) Yr

8.10.1.3. Performance ratio

8.10.2. Losses existing energy in a photovoltaic installation

8.10.2.1. Losses due to noncompliance with the nominal power

8.10.2.2. Losses due to dust and dirt

8.10.2.3. Angular and spectral losses

8.10.2.4. Losses of mismatch or connection

8.10.2.5. Losses by the operating temperature of the cell

8.10.2.6. Losses due to shading over the catchment field

8.10.2.7. Electrical losses in the wiring

8.10.2.8. Losses in the inverter

8.11. Costs

Part III: Processes for solar-driven hydrogen production

Chapter 9: Electrochemical hydrogen generation

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Hydrogen production from water electrolysis

9.2.1. PEM electrolyzers

9.2.1.1. The reaction mechanism in PEM electrolyzers

9.2.1.2. The I-V characterization of PEM electrolyzers

9.2.1.3. Materials of PEM electrolyzers

9.2.2. Alkaline electrolyzer

9.2.3. High-temperature electrolysis

Chapter 10: Hydrogen from solar thermal energy

Nomenclature

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Thermochemical solar hydrogen production

10.2.1. Thermodynamics of thermochemical processes

10.3. Solar thermolysis

10.3.1. Separation techniques

10.4. Thermochemical solar cycles

10.4.1. Thermodynamics of two-step thermochemical cycles

10.4.2. ZnO/Zn

10.4.2.1. Synthesis

10.4.2.2. Kinetics

10.4.3. Fe3O4/FeO and ferrites (AxFe3-xO4)

10.4.3.1. Synthesis

10.4.3.2. Kinetics

10.4.4. Ceria

10.4.4.1. Synthesis

10.4.4.2. Kinetics

10.4.5. Perovskites

10.4.5.1. Synthesis

10.4.5.2. Kinetics

10.5. Solar reactors

10.5.1. Energy integration

10.5.2. Metal oxide loading

10.5.2.1. Supported

10.5.2.2. Unsupported

10.5.3. Reactor efficiency.

10.6. Scale-up of solar thermochemical hydrogen production.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780128148549

0128148543

9780128148532

0128148535