Tax expenditures and environmental policy / Hope Ashiabor.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ashiabor, Hope, author.

Series:

New horizons in environmental and energy law

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Environmental policy.

Tax expenditures.

Expenditures, Public.

Sustainable development--Law and legislation.

Sustainable development.

Environmental law.

Physical Description:

x, 282 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar Publishing, [2020]

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: 1. The Extensive Use Of Tax And Direct Expenditures Over Fiscal And Market Instruments In Environmental Policy

1.1. Introduction

1.2. The context

1.3. Methodology

1.4. Chapter outline

2. Tax Expenditures

Their Origins, Nature, And Issues

2.1. Introduction

2.1.1. The Objectives of this Chapter

2.2. Surrey's expenditure control theory

an overview

2.3. Identification of the benchmark tax base

2.3.1. Tax Expenditures and Direct Expenditures

2.4. Measurement: subjecting tax expenditures to the evaluation process

2.4.1. Measuring the Budgetary Costs of Tax Expenditures

2.5. Measurement: the instrument choice issue

2.6. The instrument choice issue: a comparison of the effects

2.6.1. Equity

2.6.2. Vertical Equity

2.6.3. Horizontal Equity

2.6.4. Economic Efficiency

2.6.5. Effect on Resource Allocation

2.7. Instrument choice: the complementary role of policy design

2.7.1. Transparency

2.7.2. Effective Targeting

2.7.3. Managing Inertia

2.7.4. Ease of Administration

2.8. Tax expenditure analysis: a reassessment

2.9. Conclusions

3. The Environmental Policy Context: Issues And Challenges

3.1. Introduction

3.1.1. The Environmental Externalities Context

3.1.2. Pricing Instruments

3.2. Tax expenditures in the environmental context: their policy basis

3.3. Contemporary context of their use in environmental policy

3.3.1. Fostering Environmentally Friendly Activities

3.3.2. Perverse Subsidies

3.3.3. The Policy-Instrument Mix Context

3.4. Implementation challenges in the environmental policy context

3.4.1. Rent Seeking

3.4.2. Poorly Coordinated Incentives

3.4.3. Information Asymmetry

3.4.4. Crowding out Other Investments

3.4.5. The Rebound Effect

3.5. Conclusion

4. Financing Innovation And Deployment Of Cleantech Through Tax And Direct Expenditures

4.1. Introduction

4.2. The structure of this chapter

4.3. The nature and scope of the cleantech sector

4.4. The innovation process

4.4.1. Defining Innovation

4.4.2. Patterns of the Innovation Process

4.5. The rationale for public expenditure on R&D

4.5.1. Market Failures and Barriers to Innovation

4.5.2. Tax Competition

4.5.3. General Context for Implementing Support Programmes

4.6. Research and development tax incentives (R&DTIs)

4.7. Expenditure-based incentive regimes

4.7.1. Defining the Base for Research and Development Tax Incentives

4.7.2. Incentive Base

4.7.3. Categories of Eligible Expenses

4.7.4. Tax Base

4.7.5. Deductible Allowances and Tax Credits

4.7.6. The Bases for Applying Tax Credits

4.7.7. Carry Forward/Carry Back Provisions

4.7.8. Research and Development Capital Allowances

4.7.9. Accelerated Depreciation

4.7.10. Administration

4.8. Income-based incentive regimes: tax rate reductions

4.8.1. Tax Breaks for Intellectual Property (IP): Patent Boxes

4.9. Other public support mechanisms for business research and development

4.9.1. Direct Expenditure Programmes

4.9.2. Pitfalls of Direct Expenditure Programmes

4.9.3. Direct Expenditures and the Fostering of Innovative Programmes

4.10. The relative merits of tax and direct expenditure programmes

4.11. Conclusion

5. Financing Environmental Expenditures Through The Earmarking Of Taxes And Charges

5.1. Introduction

5.2. The nature and scope of earmarking

5.2.1. Types of Earmarking and the Context in Which Applied

5.2.2. Strong Earmarking

5.2.3. Weak Earmarking

5.2.4. Differentiation between Taxes and Charges

5.2.5. Tax Packaging

5.3. Earmarking of taxes

5.3.1. Its Evolution in Public Finance

5.3.2. The Theoretical and Legal Basis for the Earmarking of Revenues

5.4. Categories of earmarked taxes

5.4.1. Cost-covering Charges

5.4.2. Reparative Taxes

5.4.3. Tax Refund Systems

5.4.4. The Partial Coverage of an Industry Sector to Emission Taxes

5.5. The earmarking debate

5.5.1. The Case Against

5.5.2. The Case for Earmarking Taxes to Finance Public Expenditures

5.5.3. A Wider Role for Earmarking?

The Extra-Territorial Dimension

5.6. Conclusions

6. Restructuring Environmentally Harmful Transport Subsidies: A Case Study Of Employee Car Benefits

6.1. Introduction

6.1.1. Objectives of this Chapter

6.2. Challenges of restructuring perverse transport subsidies in context

6.3. A background to the regime for taxing in-kind benefits: Australia

6.4. Mechanics of the taxing framework

6.4.1. Overview

6.4.2. Australia

6.5. Policy basis for the concession

6.6. Calls for the reform of the car fringe benefits tax system

6.6.1. Criticisms of the Inequities Fostered by the Concession

6.6.2. Broad Basis of Proposals to Reform the SFM Concessions: Australia

6.6.3. Environmental Basis of Proposals to Reform the Concession

6.6.4. Effects of the Subsidy on Congestion, Noise and Accidents

6.6.5. Restructuring the Subsidy: Australia

6.6.6. The Post-1994 Changes

6.6.7. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Changes: Post-1 July 2000

6.6.8. The Post-May 2011 Changes

6.6.9. The 16 July 2013 Surprise Announcement

6.6.10. Administrative Responses to Valuation of Car Benefits

6.6.11. Evaluation: Australia's Experience

6.7. Background to the UK's company car tax (CCT) reforms

6.7.1. The Post-2002 Company Car Tax Reforms

6.7.2. Evaluation

6.8. EU review into its company car tax regime

6.9. Canadian proposals: reforming the taxation of company cars

6.10. Conclusions

7. Conclusion - Final Thoughts

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Tax expenditures and policy implementation

7.3. Has tax expenditure analysis provided a platform for reform?

7.4. Evolution of policy instruments that circumvent the limits of spending instruments

7.5. The way forward

7.6. The last word on subsidies in the environmental policy context.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Other Format:

Online version: Ashiabor, Hope. Tax expenditures and environmental policy.

ISBN:

9781788113892

1788113896

OCLC:

1157567919