Lexical analysis : norms and exploitations / Patrick Hanks.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Hanks, Patrick, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Lexicology.

English language--Word formation.

English language.

English language--New words.

Physical Description:

1 online resource

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, Mass. : The MIT Press, 2013.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

This study offers a wide-ranging empirical investigation of word use and meaning in language. It fills the need for a lexically based, corpus-driven theoretical approach that will help people understand how words go together in collocational patterns and constructions to make meanings. Such an approach is now possible, the book argues, because of the availability of new forms of evidence (corpora, the Internet) and the development of new methods of statistical analysis and inferencing.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Words and Meanings: The Need for a New Approach 1

1.1 Using Words to Make Meanings 1

1.2 Competence in Rule-Governed Behavior 8

1.3 Making Comparisons to Make Meanings 9

1.4 Exploiting Normal Usage 10

1.5 Open Choice and Idiomatic Constraints 15

1.6 A Lexically Based Approach to Linguistic Theory 17

1.7 Ontologies 18

1.8 Evidence and Intuition 20

1.9 What This Book Is About 22

1.10 Summary 23

Chapter 2 What Is a Word? 25

2.1 Competing Concepts of 'Word' 25

2.2 Is the Lexicon of a Language a Finite Set? 29

2.3 Zipf's Law 31

2.4 The Dynamic Lexicon 32

2.5 Proper Names 33

2.6 How New Terminology Is Created 42

2.7 The Words Scientists Use 45

2.8 Contextual Anchoring 49

2.9 Multiword Expressions 50

2.10 Implications 62

2.11 Summary 63

Chapter 3 Do Word Meanings Exist? 65

3.1 A Serious Question 65

3.2 Common Sense 66

3.3 Ockham's Razor 69

3.4 Peaceful Coexistence of Incompatible Components 71

3.5 Meaning Events and Meaning Potentials 73

3.6 Clause Structure and Wider Context 75

3.7 Where Corpus Analysis Runs Out 80

3.8 Implications 81

3.9 Summary 82

Chapter 4 Prototypes and Norms 85

4.1 Problems with Received Wisdom 85

4.2 Meanings as Events and Meanings as Beliefs: Gricean Implicatures 87

4.3 How to Identify a Norm 91

4.4 Meaning Potentials and Phraseology 96

4.5 Meaning, Preference Semantics, and Prototype Theory 99

4.6 Climb: Empirical Analysis 101

4.7 Implications 104

4.8 Summary 105

Appendix 4.1 Uses of Climb, a Verb of Motion [[Process]] 107

Appendix 4.2 Contextually Generated Implicatures of Climb (Verb) 111

Chapter 5 Contextual Dependency and Lexical Sets 113

5.1 Recognizing Patterns 113

5.2 Norms of Usage and Belief: Verbs 115

5.3 Norms of Usage and Belief: Nouns 134

5.4 Projecting Meaning Potentials onto Syntax 136

5.5 Domain-Specific Norms 139

5.6 A Dictionary without Definitions 140

5.7 Creativity and Cliché 141

5.8 Implications 141

5.9 Summary 143

Chapter 6 Norms Change over Time 145

6.1 A Monumental Inscription 145

6.2 Associating Norms of Meaning and Use: The Case of Enthusiasm 147

6.3 Exploiting and Alternating Norms: Enthusiasm 151

6.4 The Problem of Negatives and Questions 153

6.5 What Did Jane Austen Mean by Enthusiasm! 154

6.6 What Did Jane Austen Mean by Condescension? 160

6.7 Norms, Mutual Beliefs, and Social Status 165

6.8 More Mundane Examples of Meaning Change 166

6.9 When New Senses Drive Out Established Senses 167

6.10 Words with Two or More Literal Meanings 170

6.11 Summary 171

Chapter 7 Three Types of Alternation 173

7.1 Semantic Epicenters 173

7.2 Lexical Alternations 174

7.3 Semantic-Type Alternations 176

7.4 Syntactic Alternations 186

7.5 Implications 207

7.6 Summary 209

Chapter 8 Exploitations 211

8.1 What Is an Exploitation? 211

8.2 Typology of Exploitations 215

8.3 Are All Rhetorical Tropes Exploitations? 226

8.4 Puns 236

8.5 Making Sense of Complex Exploitations 238

8.6 Exploiting Pattern Ambiguity 240

8.7 Exploiting Existing Words to Form New Ones 241

8.8 General Contextual Resolution of Ambiguity 243

8.9 Minimally Exploited Words and Unexpected Exploitations 244

8.10 Distinguishing Exploitations from Mistakes 245

8.11 Implications 249

8.12 Summary 250

Chapter 9 Intertextuality: Literature and the Exploitation of Norms 251

9.1 The Intertextuality of the Lexicon 251

9.2 The Resilience of Ancient Fables and Folk Stories 253

9.3 Intertextuality in Lighter Texts 257

9.4 How Poetry Exploits Lexical Norms 258

9.5 The Influence of Shakespeare 262

9.6 The Influence of the Bible 266

9.7 Playing with Language for Its Own Sake 271

9.8 Extremes of Exploitation and Otherwise 273

9.9 Ultimate Exploitations 275

9.10 Linguistic Evidence, Drama, and Fiction 279

9.11 Summary 281

Chapter 10 Word and Pattern Meaning: A Complex Linguistic Gestalt 283

10.1 Semantic and Syntagmatic Complexity: A Matter of Degree 283

10.2 How Exploitations Become Secondary Norms 289

10.3 Latin and Greek Secondary Norms Can Be Primary Norms in English 301

10.4 Summary 302

Chapter 11 Meaning, Philosophy of Language, and Anthropology 305

11.1 Priorities: Evidence before Theory 306

11.2 Aristotle, Lexical Semantics, and Definitions 310

11.3 The Enlightenment: From Wilkins to Wierzbicka 312

11.4 Wittgenstein: The Variable Nature of Word Meaning 324

11.5 Ogden and Richards: The Semantic Triangle 329

11.6 Grice and Austin: Ordinary-Language Philosophy 331

11.7 Rosch and Putnam: Prototypes and Stereotypes in Lexical Analysis 334

11.8 Summary 345

Chapter 12 The Role of the Lexicon in Linguistic Theory 347

12.1 Theoretical Streams in Linguistics 347

12.2 The Lexicon in European Structuralism 348

12.3 The Russian Tradition 355

12.4 The Lexicon in Generative Linguistics 363

12.5 Pustejovsky's Generative Lexicon 376

12.6 The Lexicon in Cognitive Linguistics 380

12.7 Fillmore: Frame Semantics and FrameNet 383

12.8 Construction Grammar 388

12.9 The Firthian Tradition 390

12.10 Conclusion 405

12.11 Summary 407

Chapter 13 The Broader Picture 409

13.1 Using Words; Making Meanings 409

13.2 Summary of the Theory of Norms and Exploitations 410

13.3 Linguistic Rules and Linguistic Data 414

13.4 Theory and Application 417

13.5 Conclusion 428.

Notes:

OCLC-licensed vendor bibliographic record.

ISBN:

9780262312851

0262312859

1299055788

9781299055780

OCLC:

826659766

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.