Phosphorus : polluter and resource of the future : removal and recovery from wastewater / edited by Christian Schaum.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Schaum, Christian, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Sewage--Purification--Phosphate removal.

Sewage.

Phosphorus--Environmental aspects.

Phosphorus.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (591 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

London, UK : IWA Publishing, 2018.

Summary:

Phosphorus has always been both a curse and a blessing. On the one hand, it is essential for all life forms and cannot be replaced by anything. On the other hand, wastewater treatment aims to minimize phosphorus concentrations in wastewater in order to minimize its discharge into rivers and lakes, where eutrophication caused by high phosphorus concentrations would lead to excessive plant growth. Phosphorus is extracted from rock phosphate deposits, which are finite and non-renewable. And as the issue of resource conservation is the focus of attention worldwide, phosphorus must be used sustainably. This includes recycling of secondary phosphates, efficient extraction and treatment of raw phosphate as well as its efficient use.The book starts from the peculiarity of the element phosphorus in Part I Phosphorus a special element?, Part II shows the possibilities and limitations of the elimination of phosphorus during the wastewater treatment. Current developments in phosphorus recovery are presented in Part III Phosphorus Recovery - Technology, where also a large number of technology developments are presented in the context of case studies. Part IV "Assessment" shows impulses for future ways. The book concludes with an "Outlook" in Part V.The book is partially based on the book Phosphorus in Environmental Technology - Principles and Application, edited by Eugina Valsami-Jones and published by IWA Publishing in 2004. Various new technologies have been developed since its release, particularly in the area of phosphorus recovery. Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future discusses all aspects of both Phosphorus elimination and recovery and summarizes the latest state of Phosphorus recovery technologies.

Contents:

Cover

Copyright

Contents

About the Editor

Preface - Phosphorus: Curse and Blessing?

Part I: Phosphorus - A Special Element

Chapter 1: Phosphorus the pollutant

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Perceptions of Phosphorus as a Pollutant

1.3 Reactive P from Rural Environments

1.3.1 The phosphorus transfer continuum

1.4 Reactive P from Urban Environments

1.4.1 Urban wastewater discharges

1.4.2 Urban stormwater run-off

1.5 Are All Sources of Phosphorus Equally Polluting?

1.5.1 Ecological relevance of phosphorus forms

1.6 Control of Phosphorus Pollution

1.6.1 Point source controls

1.6.2 Diffuse source controls

1.7 Strategies Towards More Sustainable Phosphorus Use

1.8 Conclusions

1.9 References

Chapter 2: Phosphate pollution: A global overview of the problem

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The European Union

2.3 The United States

2.4 Australia

2.5 Japan

2.6 South and East Asia

2.7 Africa

2.8 Antarctica

2.9 Conclusions

2.10 References

Chapter 3: Phosphorus as a resource

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Phosphorus Flow Analysis

3.2.1 Phosphorus flows in Europe

3.2.2 Global phosphorus flows

3.3 Mineral Phosphorus Resources and Reserves

3.3.1 Definition of resources and reserves

3.4 The Problem with Today's Global Phosphorus Flows

3.4.1 Economic scarcity

3.4.2 Environmental pollution

3.4.3 Providing phosphorus for future generations

3.4.4 Regional differences in phosphorus balances

3.5 Conclusions

3.6 References

Part II: Elimination of Phosphorus from Wastewater

Chapter 4: Phosphorus in wastewater

4.1 Origin of Phosphorus in Wastewater

4.2 Concentration and Load of Phosphorus in Municipal and Industrial Wastewater

4.2.1 Domestic wastewater

4.2.2 Wastewater from industrial and commercial sources.

4.3 Chemical Analysis of Phosphorus in Wastewater and Sludge

4.3.1 Speciation of phosphorus

4.3.2 Determination of phosphorus in water and wastewater

4.3.3 Sequential extraction procedures to determine the binding form of phosphorus

4.3.4 Determination of phosphonates

4.4 References

Chapter 5: Phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment plants

5.1 Biological Phosphorus Removal

5.1.1 Process configurations for EBPR

5.1.2 Factors affecting performance

5.2 Chemical Phosphorus Removal

5.2.1 Process principles

5.2.2 Mechanisms of chemical phosphorus removal

5.2.3 Applications of chemical phosphorus removal

5.3 References

Chapter 6: Total solids and phosphorus: A cross-linked topic?

6.1 Necessity of Advanced Phosphorus and Particle Removal

6.2 Phosphorus and Particles

6.3 Processes of Advanced P-Elimination

6.4 Processes of Solid Removal

6.4.1 Overview of separation processes

6.4.2 Sedimentation, lamella separator, flotation in combination with post-precipitation

6.4.3 Filtration processes

6.4.4 Shallow bed filtration

6.4.5 Deep bed filtration

6.4.6 Membrane filtration

6.5 Assessment of the Different Particle Separation Processes

6.6 References

Chapter 7: Effects of phosphorus removal in wastewater on sludge treatment processes and sludge dewatering

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Determination of Dewaterability of Sewage Sludges

7.3 Impact of was and Biological P-Removal on Sludge Dewatering

7.4 Alternative for Mitigating the Impact of EBPR on Dewatering

7.4.1 Phosphate reduction through metal salt addition

7.4.2 Stored phosphorus release

7.4.3 Thermal and chemical thermal cell lysis

7.4.4 Struvite precipitation

7.5 Summary

7.6 References

Chapter 8: Phosphorus removal and recovery in focus of a holistic wastewater treatment of the future.

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Approaches for Improved Biological Phosphorus Removal and Subsequent Recovery

8.2.1 Kinetic values of conventional biological phosphorus removal

8.2.2 Optimization of classical biological phosphorus removal

8.2.3 Membrane processes

8.2.4 Alternative microorganisms and metabolic processes for phosphorus fixation

8.3 Innovative Methods for Improved Interfaces between Phosphorus Removal and Recyclate Production

8.3.1 Microbial fuel cell

8.3.2 Algae and macrophyte cultures (aquatic plants)

8.3.3 Use of enzymes/proteins

8.3.4 Bioleaching

8.3.5 P-mobilization by bacterial colonization

8.3.6 Plant systems for heavy metal depletion

8.3.7 Fungi or mycorrhiza

8.4 Emerging Process Designs and Their Impact on Phosphorus Removal and Recovery

8.4.1 Characterization of phosphorus compounds occurring in wastewater treatment

8.4.2 Exemplary treatment concepts and their effect on phosphorus removal and recovery

8.4.3 Comparison and evaluation of phosphorus removal concepts in WWTPs of the future

8.5 References

Chapter 9: Phosphorus removal: An economic assessment

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Background on Phosphorus Removal

9.3 Factors Affecting Costs of Phosphorus Removal

9.4 Economic Assessment of Different Systems

9.5 Costs of Phosphorus Removal

9.5.1 Introduction

9.5.2 Capital costs (simultaneous precipitation)

9.5.3 Capital costs (enhanced biological phosphorus removal)

9.5.4 Capital costs (filtration)

9.5.5 Capital costs (summary)

9.5.6 Operational costs

9.5.7 Lifecycle costs

9.6 Summary

9.7 References

Chapter 10: Modeling the phosphorus cycle in the wastewater treatment process

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Phosphorus transformations in wastewater treatment

10.2 Modeling Phosphorus Transformations.

10.2.1 Biological transformations in mainline

10.2.2 Anaerobic transformations in sidestream

10.2.3 Chemical transformations

10.3 Plant-Wide Modeling of Phosphorus

10.3.1 Modeling interactions with iron and sulfur cycles

10.3.2 Implementation and solution in a plant-wide context

10.4 Perspectives and Challenges

10.4.1 Modeling challenges

10.4.2 Enhancing phosphorus recovery

10.5 Conclusions

10.6 References

Part IIIa: Phosphorus Recovery: Technology

Chapter 11: Wastewater as a resource: From rare earth metals to phosphorus

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Elemental Composition of Sewage Sludge

11.3 German Survey of Sewage Sludge Ashes

11.4 References

Chapter 12: From push to pull: Coupling the diverse phosphorus products to the market

12.1 Introduction

12.1.1 A new product in an existing market

12.1.2 From supply driven to demand driven

12.2 Stakeholders In Supply Chain

12.2.1 The supply chain

12.2.2 Suppliers

12.2.3 Users

12.2.4 Service providers

12.2.5 Policymakers

12.3 Meeting Demand

12.3.1 General requirements demand

12.3.2 Summary requirements

12.4 Towards Pull: What to Do?

12.4.1 Choosing and creating supply chain

12.4.2 Top products

12.4.3 Visibility and accessibility of product

12.4.4 The contract

12.4.5 Closed a contract: now what?

12.5 References

Chapter 13: Phosphorus recovery - the North American perspective

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Key Drivers and Barriers

13.3 Technology Review

13.3.1 Fluidized bed reactor

13.3.2 Waste activated sludge stripping to recover internal phosphate (WASSTRIP®)

13.3.3 AirPrex™

13.4 Market Analysis

13.5 Case Studies

13.6 Conclusion

13.7 References

Chapter 14: The current situation regarding phosphorus recovery in Asian countries

14.1 Phosphorus Demand in the Asia Region.

14.1.1 The phosphorus flow in China

14.1.2 The phosphorus flow in Korea

14.1.3 The phosphorus flow in Taiwan

14.1.4 The phosphorus flow in Thailand

14.1.5 The phosphorus flow in Vietnam

14.1.6 The phosphorus flow in Japan

14.2 Challenges for Phosphorus Recovery from the Japanese Sewerage System

14.2.1 Phosphorus recovery technologies

14.2.2 Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge

14.2.3 Phosphorus recovery from incineration ash

14.2.4 Phosphorus recovery from a melting process

14.3 Concluding Remarks

14.4 References

Chapter 15: New research ideas for phosphorus recovery from wastewater and sewage sludge ash

15.1 Introduction

15.2 New First Generation Processes

15.2.1 ExtraPhos® - chemical phosphate recovery from sewage sludge by CO2 acidulation and precipitation

15.2.2 Chemical phosphate recovery by functionalized superparamagnetic particles

15.2.3 Sequential electrodialytic phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash

15.2.4 Thermal white phosphorus extraction from sewage sludge ash

15.3 Second Generation Processes

15.3.1 Nutrient recycling (N + P) by enhanced (microbial) biomass production and nitrogen conservation

15.3.2 Nutrient (N + P) recycling by microalgae and mixed microbial cultures to fish and fish products

15.3.3 Nutrient recycling from wastewater by lithoautotrophic (aerobic hydrogen oxidizing) bacteria

15.4 Summary and Conclusion

15.5 References

Part IIIb: Phosphorus Recovery: Technology

Chapter 16: The Crystalactor® at the WWTP Geestmerambacht (The Netherlands)

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Process Description

16.2.1 Process scheme

16.2.2 Chemistry

16.2.3 Crystalactor®

16.3 Results of the Large-Scale Implementation

16.3.1 Performance data

16.3.2 Costs

16.3.3 Conclusion

16.3.4 Fact sheet

16.4 References.

Chapter 17: AirPrex® sludge optimization and struvite recovery from digested sludge.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-5231-2333-8

1-78040-836-6

OCLC:

1044979724