Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles : reality, potential, and challenges / Yoseph Bar-Cohen, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Bar-Cohen, Yoseph.

Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Series:

SPIE monograph ; PM136.

SPIE Press monograph ; PM136

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Polymers in medicine.

Conducting polymers.

Muscles.

Polymers.

Medical Subjects:

Polymers.

Muscles.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xvii, 765 pages) : illustrations, digital file.

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Bellingham, Wash. : SPIE, [2004]

System Details:

Mode of access: World Wide Web.

text file

Summary:

In concept and execution, this book covers the field of EAP with careful attention to all its key aspects and full infrastructure, including the available materials, analytical models, processing techniques, and characterization methods. In this second edition the reader is brought current on promising advances in EAP that have occurred in electric EAP, electroactive polymer gels, ionomeric polymer-metal composites, carbon nanotube actuators, and more.

Contents:

Topic 1. Introduction

Chapter 1. EAP history, current status, and infrastructure / Yoseph Bar-Cohen

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Biological muscles

1.3. Historical review and currently available active polymers

1.4. Polymers with controllable properties or shape

1.5. Electroactive polymers (EAP)

1.6. The EAP roadmap, need for an established EAP technology

Infrastructure

1.7. Potential

1.8. Acknowledgments

1.9. References

Topic 2. Natural muscles

Chapter 2. Natural muscle as a biological system / Gerald H. Pollack, Felix A. Blyakhman, Frederick B. Reitz, Olga V. Yakovenko, and Dwayne L. Dunaway

2.1. Conceptual background

2.2. Structural considerations

2.3. Does contraction involve a phase transition?

2.4. Molecular basis of the phase transition

2.5. Lessons from the natural muscle system that may be useful for the design of polymer actuators

2.6. References

Chapter 3. Metrics of natural muscle function / Robert J. Full and Kenneth Meijer

3.1. Caution about copying and comparisons

3.2. Common characterizations, partial picture

3.3. Work-loop method reveals diverse roles of muscle function during rhythmic activity

3.4. Direct comparisons of muscle with human-made actuators

3.5. Future reciprocal Interdisciplinary collaborations

3.6. Acknowledgments

3.7. References

Topic 3. EAP materials

Topic 3.1. Electric EAP

Chapter 4. Electric EAP / Qiming Zhang, Cheng Huang, Feng Xia, and Ji Su

4.1. Introduction

4.2. General terminology of electromechanical effects in electric EAP

4.3. PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers

4.4. Ferroelectric odd-numbered polyamides (nylons)

4.5. Electrostriction

4.6. Field-induced strain due to Maxwell stress effect

4.7. High dielectric constant polymeric materials as actuator materials

4.8. Electrets

4.9. Liquid-crystal polymers

4.10. Acknowledgments

4.11. References

Topic 3.2. Ionic EAP

Chapter 5. Electroactive polymer gels / Paul Calvert

5.1. Introduction, the gel state

5.2. Physical gels

5.3. Chemical gels

5.4. Thermodynamic properties of gels

5.5. Transport properties of gels

5.6. Polyelectrolyte gels

5.7. Mechanical properties of gels

5.8. Chemical actuation of gels

5.9. Electrically actuated gels

5.10. Recent progress

5.11. Future directions

5.12. References

Chapter 6. Ionomeric polymer-metal composites / Sia Nemat-Nasser and Chris W. Thomas

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Brief history of IPMC materials

6.3. Materials and manufacture

6.4. Properties and characterization

6.5. Actuation mechanism

6.6. Development of IPMC applications

6.7. Discussion: advantages/disadvantages

6.8. Acknowledgments

6.9. References

Chapter 7. Conductive polymers / José-María Sansiñena and Virginia Olazábal

7.1. Brief history of conductive polymers

7.2. Applications of conductive polymers

7.3. Basic mechanism of CP actuators

7.4. Development of CP actuators

7.5. Advantages and disadvantages of CP actuators

7.6. Acknowledgments

7.7. References

Chapter 8. Carbon nanotube actuators: synthesis, properties, and performance / Geoffrey M. Spinks, Gordon G. Wallace, Ray H. Baughman, and Liming Dai

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Nanotube synthesis

8.3. Characterization of carbon nanotubes

8.4. Macroscopic nanotube assemblies: mats and fibers

8.5. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes

8.6. Mechanism of nanotube actuation

8.7. Experimental studies of carbon nanotube actuators

8.8. Conclusions and future developments

8.9. References

Topic 3.3. Molecular EAP

Chapter 9. Molecular scale electroactive polymers / Michael J. Marsella

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Intrinsic properties and macroscale translation

9.3. Stimulus-induced conformational changes within the single molecule

9.4. Final comments

9.5. References

Topic 4. Modeling electroactive polymers

Chapter 10. Computational chemistry / Kristopher E. Wise

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Overview of computational methods

10.3. Quantum mechanical methods

10.4. Classical force field simulations

10.5. Mesoscale simulations

10.6. References

Chapter 11. Modeling and analysis of chemistry and electromechanics / Thomas Wallmersperger, Bernd Kröplin, and Rainer W. Gülch

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Chemical stimulation

11.3. Electrical stimulation

11.4. Conclusion

11.5. References

Chapter 12. Electromechanical models for optimal design and effective behavior of electroactive polymers / Kaushik Bhattacharya, Jiangyu Li, and Yu Xiao

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Introduction to finite elasticity

12.3. Optimal design of electrostatic actuators

12.4. Models of ionomer actuators

12.5. Reduced models

12.6. Conclusion

12.7. Acknowledgment

12.8. References

Chapter 13. Modeling IPMC for design of actuation mechanisms / Satoshi Tadokoro, Masashi Konyo, and Keisuke Oguro

13.1. Models and CAE tools for design of IPMC mechanisms

13.2. A physicochemical model considering six phenomena

13.3. Gray-box macroscopic model for mechanical and control design

13.4. Simulation demonstration by models

13.5. Applications of the model

13.6. References

Topic 5. Processing and fabrication of EAPs

Chapter 14. Processing and fabrication techniques / Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Virginia Olazábal, José-María Sansiñena, and Jeffrey Hinkley

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Synthesis and material processing

14.3. Fabrication and shaping techniques

14.4. Electroding techniques

14.5. System integration methods

14.6. EAP actuators

14.7. Concluding remarks

14.8. References

Topic 6. Testing and characterization

Chapter 15. Methods of testing and characterization / Stewart Sherrit, Xiaoqi Bao, and Yoseph Bar-Cohen

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Characterization of EAP with polarization-dependent strains

15.3. Characterization of ionic EAP with diffusion-dependent strain

15.4. Summary of test methods

15.5. Conclusion

15.6. Acknowledgments

15.7. References

Topic 7. EAP actuators, devices, and mechanisms

Chapter 16. Application of dielectric elastomer EAP actuators / Roy Kornbluh, Ron Pelrine, Qibing Pei, Marcus Rosenthal, Scott Stanford, Neville Bonwit, Richard Heydt, Harsha Prahlad, and Subramanian V. Shastri

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Dielectric elastomer EAP, background and basics

16.3. Actuator design issues

16.4. Operational considerations

16.5. Examples of dielectric elastomer EAP actuators and applications

16.6. Artificial muscles and applications to biologically inspired devices

16.7. General purpose linear actuators

16.8. Planar and other actuator configurations

16.9. Motors

16.10. Generators

16.11. Sensors

16.12. Summary and future developments

16.13. Acknowledgments

16.14. References

Chapter 17. Biologically inspired robots / Brett Kennedy, Chris Melhuish, and Andrew Adamatzky

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Biologically inspired mechanisms and robots

17.3. Aspects of robotic design

17.4. Active polymer actuators in a traditional robotic system

17.5. Using rapid prototyping methods for integrated design

17.6. Evolutionary design algorithms (genetic algorithm design)

17.7. EAP actuators in highly integrated microrobot design

17.8. Solving the power problem toward energetic autonomy

17.9. The future of active polymer actuators and robots

17.10. References

Chapter 18. Applications of EAP to the entertainment industry / David Hanson

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Entertainment and its shifting significance

18.3. Technical background to entertainment application of EAP

18.4. The craft of aesthetic biomimesis in entertainment

18.5. A recipe for using EAP in entertainment

18.6. Facial expression robot-practical test bed for EAP

18.7. Conclusion

18.8. Acknowledgment

18.9. References

Chapter 19. Haptic interfaces using electrorheological fluids / Constantinos Mavroidis, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, and Mourad Bouzit

19.1. Introduction

19.2. Electrorheological fluids

19.3. Haptic interfaces and electrorheological fluids

19.4. MEMICA haptic glove

19.5. ECS element model derivation

19.6. Parametric analysis of the design of ECS elements

19.7. Experimental ECS system and results

19.8. Conclusions

19.9. Acknowledgments

19.10. References

Chapter 20. Shape control of precision gossamer apertures / Christopher H. M. Jenkins

20.1. Introduction

20.2. Shape control of PGAs

20.3. Shape control methodologies involving electroactive polymers

20.4. Conclusions

20.5. Nomenclature

20.6. Acknowledgments

20.7. References

Topic 8. Lessons learned, applications, and outlook

Chapter 21. EAP applications, potential, and challenges / Yoseph Bar-Cohen

21.1. Introduction

21.2. Lesson learned using IPMC and dielectric EAP

21.3. Summary of existing EAP materials

21.4. Scalability issues and needs

21.5. Expected and evolving applications

21.6. EAP characterization

21.7. Platforms for demonstration of EAP

21.8. Future expectations

21.9. Acknowledgments

21.10. References

Index.

Notes:

"SPIE digital library."

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780819481122

OCLC:

630584565

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.