Units of measurement : past, present and future : international system of units / S.V. Gupta.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Gupta, S. V., author.

Contributor:

Edward Potts Cheyney Memorial Fund.

Series:

Springer series in materials science ; v. 122.

Springer series in materials science ; 122

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Units of measurement.

Units of measurement--History.

History.

Physical Description:

xxiii, 304 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 25 cm.

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

[Cham], Switzerland : Springer Nature; [New Delhi] ; Metrology Society of India, [2020]

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: 1. Old Units of Measurement in India

1.1. Time Intervals

1.1.1. Introduction

1.1.2. Time Intervals

1.1.3. Sidereal Metrics

1.1.4. Time Intervals in Chanakiya Arthsashtra

1.1.5. Multiplicity in Smaller Time Intervals

1.1.6. Realization of Naadika: A Standard of a Time Interval

1.1.7. Lunar Metrics

1.1.8. Adjustment in Calendars

1.1.9. Middle-Level Time Intervals

1.1.10. Bigger Time Intervals

1.1.11. Names of 14 Manvantar

1.1.12. Time Intervals in Terms of Kalp

1.1.13. Summary of Bigger Time Intervals

1.1.14. The Time Elapsed Since Creation of Universe

1.1.15. Date of Commencement of the Present Kaliyug

1.2. Length Intervals

1.2.1. Introduction

1.2.2. Sets of Smaller Length Intervals

1.2.3. Units of Length in Multiples of Angul

1.2.4. Two Kinds of Danush

1.2.5. Scale of Mohenjo-Daro

1.2.6. Supportive Evidences for Taking 1 Angul Equal to 16.764 mm

1.2.7. Various Yojan

1.2.8. Length in Terms of Latitude

1.2.9. Pre-Akbar Length Measures

1.2.10. Weights and Measures in Akbar Time

1.2.11. Length Units Used by Tailors

1.2.12. Length Units in Dependent India

1.3. Units of Weight and Volume

1.3.1. Introduction

1.3.2. Weights Nomenclature from Manusmriti

1.3.3. Weights in Terms of Tresarenu

1.3.4. Charak System of Weights

1.3.5. Weight Measurement in Ancient India

1.3.6. Weights in Terms of Grain of Rice (chawal)

1.3.7. Weights Used in Pre-Akbar Period

1.3.8. Weights in Colonial (Pre-Independence) Years

1.3.9. Conventions Followed by Public for Weights

1.3.10. Weights and Volume Measures by Chanakiya

1.3.11. Conversion Factors

References

2. System of Quantities and Units

2.1. Quantities

2.2. System of Quantities

2.2.1. Quantity

2.2.2. Base Quantity

2.2.3. System of Base Quantities

2.2.4. Derived Quantity

2.2.5. Quantity Equation

2.2.6. Quantity Value Equation

2.2.7. Dimension of Derived Unit

2.3. Measurement Unit

2.3.1. System of Measurement Units

2.3.2. System of Base Units

2.3.3. Derived Unit

2.3.4. Unit Equation

2.3.5. Properties of Units of Measurement

2.3.6. Coherent Derived Unit

2.4. Quantity of Dimension 1 or Dimensionless Quantity

2.4.1. Dimension of a Quantity

2.4.2. Quantities of Dimension 1 or Dimensionless Quantities

2.4.3. Ordinal Quantity

2.4.4. Quantity Scale, Measurement Scale

2.4.5. Ordinal Quantity Scale, Ordinal Scale

2.4.6. Nominal Property

2.5. Conversion Factor Between Units

2.6. Quantity Relations

2.6.1. Quantity Value

2.6.2. Numerical Quantity Value

2.6.3. Quantity Calculus

2.7. Units Used in Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Forensic Science Biological Effects

2.7.1. Photochemical or Photo-Biological Quantities and Their Units

2.7.2. Conversion of Radiometric to Photometric Quantities

2.7.3. Photometry and Photon-Number-Based Quantities

2.7.4. Units Used in Photometry

2.7.5. Actinic Action Spectrum

2.7.6. Types of Visions

2.7.7. Unit in the Field of Sound

2.7.8. Units in the Field of Ionizing Radiations

2.8. SI Units in the Framework of General Relativity

3. Various Systems of Units

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Relations Between the Quantities

3.2.1. Derived Quantities by Definition

3.2.2. Derived Quantities by a Phenomenon

3.3. Three-Dimensional System of Units

3.3.1. Gauss System

3.3.2. CGS System

3.3.3. FPS System

3.4. Four-Dimensional Systems of Units

3.4.1. Giorgi System of Units

3.4.2. Maxwell System

3.4.3. Hartree System

3.4.4. Units for Atomic and Molecular Measurements

3.4.5. McWeeny System of Units

3.4.6. Ohm, Ampere, Second and Metre System

3.4.7. Force, Length and Time System

3.4.8. System in Terms of Universal Constants (G, H, E and Q)

3.4.9. System in Terms of Electric Charge, Flux, Length and Time

3.4.10. System in Terms of L, M, T and R

3.5. Derived Quantities in Terms of L, M, T and R

An Example

3.6. Measurement System in Terms of Length Time Flux and Charge

4. Metre Convention and Evolution of Base Units

4.1. BIPM and Metre Convention

4.1.1. General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM)

4.1.2. International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)

4.1.3. Consultative Committees

4.1.4. International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)

4.1.5. Linkages of Various Organs of Metre Convention

4.2. International System of Units SI

4.2.1. Base Units

4.2.2. Latest Definitions of SI Base Units

4.3. Evolution of Base Units

4.3.1. Unit of Time

4.3.2. Unit of Length

4.3.3. Unit of Mass

4.3.4. Unit of Electric Current

4.3.5. Unit of Temperature

4.3.6. Unit of Amount of Substance (Mole)

4.3.7. Unit of Luminous Intensity

4.3.8. Dependence of Base Units

5. New Definitions of SI Base Units

5.1. Seven Defining Constants and SI Base Units

5.2. Importance of Defining Constants

5.2.1. Caesium Frequency

5.2.2. Velocity of Light

5.2.3. Planck's Constant

5.2.4. Elementary Charge

5.2.5. Boltzmann Constant

5.2.6. Avogadro Constant

5.2.7. Luminous Efficacy

5.3. Magnitude of Defining Constant in SI Units

5.4. Formal Definitions of SI Units

5.4.1. The Second

5.4.2. The Metre

5.4.3. The Kilogram

5.4.4. The Ampere

5.4.5. The Kelvin

5.4.6. The Mole

5.4.7. TheCandela

5.5. Effect of the New Definition

5.5.1. Second

5.5.2. Metre

5.5.3. Kilogram

5.5.4. Ampere

5.5.5. The Kelvin

5.5.6. The Mole

5.5.7. The Candela

5.6. Expressing SI Base Units in Denning Constants

5.6.1. The Second in Terms of AvCs

5.6.2. The Metre in Terms of C and S

5.6.3. The Kilogram in Terms of H

5.6.4. The Ampere in Terms of E and S

5.6.5. The Kelvin in Terms of K

5.6.6. Mole in Terms of NA

5.6.7. Candela in Terms of Kcd

5.7. Relationship Matrix

5.7.1. Defining Constants in Terms of Base Units

5.7.2. Base Units in Terms of Defining Constants

5.7.3. Use of the Matrix

5.8. Inter-Dependence of Base Units

5.8.1. New SI Units

5.8.2. Old SI Units

6. Realization of the SI Base Units (S, M, Kilogram)

6.1. Practical Realization of the Unit of Time

6.1.1. Atomic Clocks

6.1.2. Primary Frequency Standards

6.1.3. Secondary Representations of the Second

6.1.4. International Atomic Time (TAI)

6.1.5. Terrestrial Time (TT), Geocentric Coordinate Time(TCG)

6.1.6. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

6.2. Practical Realization of the Metre

6.2.1. Standard Radiations

6.3. Practical Realization of the Kilogram (via Kibble Balance)

6.3.1. Electromechanical (Kibble) Balances

6.3.2. Constant Magnetic Field (Generation)

6.3.3. Change of the Reluctance of the Yoke

6.3.4. Temperature Change of the Rare Earth Magnet

6.3.5. Temperature Change of the Yoke Material

6.3.6. Engineering of Magnets with Smaller Temperature Coefficients

6.3.7. Actively Controlling the Temperature

6.3.8. Voltage Measurements

6.3.9. Voltmeter

6.3.10. Current Generation and Measurement

6.3.11. Results

6.4. Practical Realization of the Kilogram (via XRCD Method)

6.4.1. Principle

6.4.2. Sphere

6.4.3. Obtaining 28Si-Enriched Polycrystal

6.4.4. Single Crystal Growth

6.4.5. Isotopic Composition of Silicon

6.4.6. Crystal Perfection: Evaluation of Point Defects

6.4.7. MSL Layers

6.4.8. Molar Mass

6.4.9. Lattice Parameter

References (Kibble Balance)

References (XRCD)

7. Realization of SI Base Unit Ampere and Other Electric Units

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Definition of the Electrical/Magnetic Units

7.2.1. Practical Realization of Ampere, SI Base Unit of Electric Current

7.2.2. Derived Units

7.3. Mole

7.4. Realization of Mole

7.4.1. Pure Sample

7.4.2. Pure Gas

7.4.3. Chemical Electrolysis

7.5. Primary Method

8. Boltzmann Constant Denning Kelvin K

8.1. Introduction to Boltzmann Constant

8.2. Acoustic Gas Thermometry AGT

8.2.1. Measurement at NPL, UK

8.2.2. Main Uncertainty Components

8.3. Radiation Thermometry

8.3.1. Total Radiation Thermometry TRT (Stefan-Boltzmann Measurement)

8.3.2. Spectral-Band-Limited Radiation Thermometry

8.4. Thermal-Equation-of-State Methods

8.4.1. Constant-Volume Gas Thermometry (CVGT)

8.4.2. Dielectric-Constant Gas Thermometry

8.4.3. Results

8.5. Refractive-Index Gas Thermometry RIGT

8.6. Doppler-Broadening Thermometry

8.7. Noise Thermometry

8.8. Realization of K (Hierarchy of Temperature)

8.8.1. Temperature Scale

8.8.2. Different Temperature Scales

8.8.3. Hierarchy in Temperature Measurement

9. Radiometry, Photometry and Realization of Candela and Mole

9.1. SI Units Used in Radiometry and Photometry

9.2. Traceability and Realization of Photometric Units

9.2.1. Traceability Routes for the Practical Realization of Photometric Units

9.3. Realizationof the Candela (Cd)

9.4. Realization of the Lumen (Lm), SI Derived Unit of Luminous Flux φ v

9.5. Realization of the Lux (Lx), SI Derived Unit of Illuminance Ev

10. Derived Quantities and Their Units

Contents note continued: 10.1. Derived Quantities

10.2. Units of Derived Quantities

10.3. SI Derived Units

10.3.1. Units Expressed in Terms of Base Units

10.3.2. Derived Units with Special Names

10.3.3. Derived Units Formed from the Derived Units with Special Names

10.3.4. Derived Quantities of Dimension 1

10.4. Units Outside the SI

10.4.1. Units Accepted for Use with the SI

10.4.2. Non-SI Units with Experimentally Obtained Values

10.4.3. Non-SI Units Used by Special Groups

10.4.4. Other Non-SI Units with Special Names

10.4.5. Other Non-SI Units Found in Old Literature

11. Expressing SI Units

11.1. Introduction

11.2. SI Prefixes

11.2.1. Rules for Using SI Prefixes

11.2.2. Prefix About the Kilogram

11.3. Writing of SI Unit Symbols

11.3.1. Unit Symbols and Their Combinations

11.3.2. Names of Units

11.3.3. Quantity Calculus

11.3.4. Stating Values of Quantities of Dimension One

11.4. Expression of Numbers

11.4.1. Formatting Numbers and the Decimal Marker

11.4.2. Expressing the Measurement Uncertainty

11.5. Advantages of SI Units

11.5.1. Harmonization of Units

11.5.2. Expressing the Values of p0 and e0 in Terms of SI Units

11.5.3. Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetizing Force

11.5.4. Intensity of Magnetization

11.5.5. Homogenizing of Units of Energy in Heat

11.5.6. Coherent System

11.5.7. Coherent Derived Unit

11.5.8. Weil-Defined Units

11.6. Expressing Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Quantities in SI Units

11.6.1. Charge and Current

11.6.2. Potential

11.6.3. Electrical Resistance

11.6.4. Electrical Capacitance

11.6.5. Emu of Magnetic Flux

11.6.6. Magnetic Field Strength (Flux Density)

11.6.7. Electric Field

11.6.8. Inductance

11.6.9. Oerested

12. Past Efforts in Redefining of SI Units

12.1. In Terms of Physical Constants

12.1.1. Basis of SI Units

12.2. From a Single Source

12.2.1. In Terms of Hydrogen Atom

12.2.2. In Terms of Only One Standard (Frequency)

12.2.3. In Terms of Fundamental Constants Using Maxwell Equations

12.2.4. A Consistent Set of Fundamental Constants by BIPM

12.3. CIPM Recommendation 1 (CI-2005)

12.4. A Proposal to Redefine Kilogram, Ampere, Kelvin and Mole

12.4.1. Kilogram

12.4.2. Ampere

12.4.3. Kelvin

12.4.4. Mole

12.5. The Values of h, e, k and NA

12.5.1. Observations

12.6. Practical Standards to Realize Kilogram

12.6.1. Other Methods of Redefining Kilogram

13. Scientists Associated with Units of Measurements

13.1. Scientists Associated with Base Units

13.1.1. Anders Celsius

13.1.2. Andre Marie Ampere

13.1.3. Avogadro

13.1.4. Boltzmann Ludwig Eduard

13.1.5. Lord Kelvin

13.1.6. Planck, Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx (Max)

13.2. Scientists Associated with Derived Units

13.2.1. Sir Isaac Newton

13.2.2. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

13.2.3. Blaise Pascal

13.2.4. James Prescott Joule

13.2.5. James Watt

13.2.6. Charles Augustin Coulomb

13.2.7. Alessandro Volta

13.2.8. Michael Faraday

13.2.9. Wilhelm Eduard Weber

13.2.10. NickolaTesla

13.2.11. Joseph Henry

13.2.12. Antoine Henri Becquerel

13.2.13. Louis Harold Gray

13.2.14. Rolf M. Sievert

13.2.15. Georg Simon Ohm

13.2.16. Werner Von Siemens

13.3. Some Units Not Named After Any Scientist.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

First edition: 2010.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Edward Potts Cheyney Memorial Fund.

ISBN:

3030439682

9783030439682

OCLC:

1141991798

Publisher Number:

99985016801