A History of the Modern Middle East.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Cleveland, William L.

Contributor:

Bunton, Martin.

GIC Course Text Collection (University of Pennsylvania)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Area Studies: Middle Eastern Studies.

Local Subjects:

Area Studies: Middle Eastern Studies.

Edition:

Sixth edition.

Summary:

A History of the Modern Middle East examines the profound and often dramatic transformations of the region in the past two centuries, from the Ottoman and Egyptian reforms, through the challenge of Western imperialism, to the impact of US foreign policies. Built around a framework of political history, while also carefully integrating social, cultural, and economic developments, this expertly crafted account provides readers with the most comprehensive, balanced and penetrating analysis of the modern Middle East. The sixth edition has been revised to provide a thorough account of the major developments since 2012, including the tumultuous aftermath of the Arab uprisings, the sectarian conflict in Iraq and civil war in Syria that led to the rise of ISIS, the crises in Libya and Yemen, and the United States' nuclear talks with Iran. With brand-new timelines in each part, updated select bibliographies, and expanded instructor resources, A History of the Modern Middle East remains the quintessential text for courses on Middle East history. Book jacket.

Contents:

Part 1 The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Eighteenth Century 1

1 The Rise and Expansion of Islam 5

Pre-Islamic Arabia 6

Muhammad and the Foundations of Islam 8

The Arab Conquests and the First Empire 12

The First Civil War and the End of the Rashidun Caliphate 14

From Arab Exclusivism to Islamic Universalism: The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires 15

Conclusion 17

2 The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Fifteenth Century 19

Patterns of Islamic History 19

The Creation and Uses of Wealth 20

Islamic Rituals and Institutions 23

Two Versions of Leadership: Sunni Caliph and Shi'a Imam 30

The Middle East from the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Centuries: An Overview 32

Conclusion 34

3 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: A New Imperial Synthesis 35

The Rise of the Ottoman Empire 36

Ottoman Ruling Institutions and Attitudes 39

The Loss of Ottoman Superiority 46

The Triumph of Shi'ism: The Safavid Empire of Iran, 1501-1736 48

Conclusion: The Sunni-Shr'a Struggle for Iraq 51

Part 2 The Beginnings of the Era of Transformation 53

4 Forging a New Synthesis: The Pattern of Reforms, 1789-1849 58

Selim III (1789-1806): Between Old and New 58

A Revived Center of Power: The Egypt of Muhammad Ali, 1805-1848 61

Nationalism and Great Power Intervention: The Greek Revolt, 1821-1829 70

Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839): Centralization and Transformation 73

Conclusion 75

5 The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat 76

The Tanzimat: Continued Ottoman Reform Under the Bureaucrats 76

The Arab Provinces of Greater Syria During the Tanzimat 84

Egypt During the Era of Civilian Reform 87

Conclusion: The Dualism of the Nineteenth-Century Reforms 94

6 Egypt and Iran in the Late Nineteenth Century 96

England on the Nile: The British Occupation of Egypt, 1882-1914 96

Iran During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century 102

Conclusion 108

7 The Response of Islamic Society 111

Religious Assertiveness and Authoritarian Reform: The Era of Abdul Hamid II 111

Islamic Puritanism on the Tribal Frontiers: The Wabhabi, Sanusi, and Mahdiyyah Movements 114

The Reform of High Islam 117

Emerging Currents of Arab Cultural Distinctiveness 119

Conclusion 122

8 The Era of the Young Turks and the Iranian Constitutionalists 124

The Revolt of 1908 and the Young Turks in Power 125

The Period of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 134

Conclusion 137

9 World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order 139

The Middle East in World War I: An Overview of Military and Diplomatic Initiatives 140

The Peace Settlement 152

Conclusion: The End of the Ottoman Order in the Middle East 159

Part 3 The Struggle for Independence: The Interwar Era to the End of World War II 161

10 Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran 166

The Atatiirk Era in Turkey 166

Iran under Reza Shah 176

Turkey and Iran During World War II: Sovereignty and Occupation 181

Conclusion 182

11 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt, Iraq, and Transjordan from the Interwar Era to 1945 184

The Struggle for Power in Egypt in the Interwar Period 184

An Overview of World War II 191

Egypt During World War II: Pivot of the British Defense System 192

Iraq Between the Wars 195

Iraq During World War II 201

Transjordan: The Desert Mandate 203

Conclusion 205

12 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia from the Interwar Era to 1945 206

The French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon 207

Lebanon Under the Mandate: The Establishment of Confessional Politics 213

Syria and Lebanon During World War II: The Troubled Path to Independence 216

New Kingdom in Arabia: The Rise of the Saudi State 219

The Search for Identity: Regionalism, Arabism, Islam 222

Conclusion 225

13 The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel 226

The Emergence of Political Zionism 227

The Balfour Declaration 230

The Mandate for Palestine: British Administration 231

The Palestinian Arab Community: Leadership and Institutions 234

The Jewish Community: Leadership and Institutions 236

Immigration and Land 240

Communal Conflict and the British Response 242

World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel 246

The First Arab-Israeli War 252

Conclusion 255

Part 4 The Independent Middle East from the End of World War II to the 1970s 257

14 Democracy and Authoritarianism: Turkey and Iran 261

The Role of the United States in the Postwar Years 261

Turkey: The Transition to a Multiparty System 263

Turkish Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Question 271

Iran: The Reestablishment of Royal Autocracy 273

Conclusion 284

15 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Egyptian Base 286

The Paralysis of the Old Regime, 1945-1952 286

The Free Officers and the Coup d'État of 1952 288

Foreign Relations After 1952 293

The Adoption or Arab Socialism 300

Conclusion 305

16 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Radicalization of Arab Politics 307

Syria: The Military in Politics 307

Iraq: The End of the Monarchy 310

The Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan: The Survival of Monarchy 313

Lebanon: The Precarious Sectarian Balance 316

Israel, the Arab States, and the June War 320

Conclusion: The Nasser Era in Perspective 325

17 Israel and the Palestinians from 1948 to the 1970s 328

The Israeli Political System and Political Culture 329

The Elections of 1977: Israel in Transition 337

The Palestinian Factor after 1948 338

Conclusion 348

Part 5 The Resurgence of Islam: The Middle East from the 1970s to the 1991 Gulf War 351

18 The Iranian Revolution and the Revival of Islam 355

The Stages of Revolution in Iran 356

The Revival of Islam 371

Conclusion 375

19 Changing Patterns of War and Peace: Egypt and Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s 378

Egypt Under Sadat: Domestic and Diplomatic Realignments 379

The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990 389

Egypt in the 1980s 398

Conclusion 400

20 The Arabian Peninsula in the Petroleum Era 402

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 403

Kuwait, Oman, and the Smaller Gulf States 413

Conclusion 421

21 The Consolidation of Authoritarian Rule in Syria and Iraq: The Regimes of Hafiz al-Asad and Saddam Husayn 423

Syria in the Al-Asad Era 424

Iraq in the Era of Saddam Husayn and the Ba'th 433

The lean-Iraq War, 1980-1988 440

Conclusion 445

Part 6 Challenges to the Existing Order: The Middle East in the 1990s and 2000s 447

22 The Palestinian Intifada and the 1991 Gulf War 451

The Intifada from 1987 to 1991 451

The Gulf Crisis of 1990-1991 456

The Aftermath of the Gulf War 464

Conclusion 472

23 A Peace So Near, a Peace So Far: Palestinian-Israeli Relations Since the 1991 Gulf War 474

The Road to the Oslo Peace Accords 475

The Unraveling of the Oslo Peace Process 485

The Road from Taba 491

Conclusion 497

24 Patterns of Continuity and Change in Turkey, Iran, and Lebanon 499

Turkey and Iran: Nations at a Crossroads 499

Hizbullah and the Struggle for Lebanon 512

Conclusion 516

25 America's Troubled Moment in the Middle East 519

The Policy of Dual Containment 521

Al-Qa'ida and the Attacks of September 11, 2001 522

The Occupation of Iraq 524

Iran's Nuclear Program 532

Conclusion 535

26 The 2011 Arab Uprisings and Their Aftermath 537

Understanding the Uprisings' Dynamics 538

Egypt 540

Syria 548

Yemen and Libya 551

Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Monarchies 552

Conclusion: Connecting Threads 554.

ISBN:

9780813349800