Theory and applications of heat transfer in humans / edited by Devashish Shrivastava.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Shrivastava, Devashish, 1976- editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Human physiology.

Biophysics.

Heat--Transmission.

Heat.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xxxi, 831 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2018]

Summary:

An authoritative guide to theory and applications of heat transfer in humans Theory and Applications of Heat Transfer in Humans 2V Set offers a reference to the field of heating and cooling of tissue, and associated damage. The author-a noted expert in the field-presents, in this book, the fundamental physics and physiology related to the field, along with some of the recent applications, all in one place, in such a way as to enable and enrich both beginner and advanced readers. The book provides a basic framework that can be used to obtain 'decent' estimates of tissue temperatures for various applications involving tissue heating and/or cooling, and also presents ways to further develop more complex methods, if needed, to obtain more accurate results. The book is arranged in three sections: The first section, named 'Physics', presents fundamental mathematical frameworks that can be used as is or combined together forming more complex tools to determine tissue temperatures; the second section, named 'Physiology', presents ideas and data that provide the basis for the physiological assumptions needed to develop successful mathematical tools; and finally, the third section, named 'Applications', presents examples of how the marriage of the first two sections are used to solve problems of today and tomorrow. This important text is the vital resource that: * Offers a reference book in the field of heating and cooling of tissue, and associated damage. * Provides a comprehensive theoretical and experimental basis with biomedical applications * Shows how to develop and implement both, simple and complex mathematical models to predict tissue temperatures * Includes simple examples and results so readers can use those results directly or adapt them for their applications Designed for students, engineers, and other professionals, a comprehensive text to the field of heating and cooling of tissue that includes proven theories with applications. The author reveals how to develop simple and complex mathematical models, to predict tissue heating and/or cooling, and associated damage.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Volume I Contents

Volume II Contents

List of Contributors to Volume I

List of Contributors to Volume II

Preface

Supplementary Material

Volume I

Section I Theory: Physics

Chapter 1 A Generic Thermal Model for Perfused Tissues

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Derivation of Generic Bioheat Thermal Models (GBHTMs)

1.2.1 A Two-Compartment Generic Bioheat Transfer Model

1.2.2 Simplifications

1.2.3 A Three-Compartment and 'N + 1' Compartment GBHTM

1.3 Comparing the Two-Compartment GBHTM with Pennes' BHTM

1.4 Comparing the Predictions of the Two-Compartment GBHTM and Pennes' BHTM with Measured in vivo Temperature Changes during MRI

1.5 Summary

Disclaimer

Nomenclature

Subscripts

Greek

References

Chapter 2 Alternate Thermal Models to Predict in vivo Temperatures

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Estimating Core Temperature

2.2.1 Thermal Model

2.2.2 Example: The Effect of Anesthetics on the Core Temperature Change

2.3 Estimating Worst-Case in vivo Temperature Change due to a 'Regional' Source Term

2.3.1 Thermal Model

2.4 Estimating in vivo Temperature Change due to a 'Local' Source Term

2.4.1 Thermal Model

2.5 Summary

Chapter 3 Thermal Effects of Blood Vessels

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Methods

3.3 Results

3.4 Discussion

3.5 Summary

Chapter 4 Generating Blood Vasculature for Bioheat Computations

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Method

4.2.1 Assumptions and Framework of Method

4.2.2 Model Inputs: Geometry and Physics of a Region

4.2.3 Model Output: Geometry and Physics of a Vasculature

4.2.4 Constraints and Criteria

4.2.5 Iterative Generation of a Vasculature

4.2.6 Using Tree Structures for Computational Efficiency

4.3 Examples

4.3.1 Geometry and Flow Parameters.

4.3.2 Growing a Vasculature

4.3.3 Capillary Bed

4.3.4 Obstructions

4.3.5 Finger

4.4 Summary

Chapter 5 Whole-Body Human Computational Models and the Effect of Clothing

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Clothing-Environment Relationship for Firefighting

5.2.1 Properties of Protective Garments Worn by Firefighters

5.2.2 Metabolic Heat Generation during Firefighting

5.2.3 Ambient Conditions and Exposure Time

5.2.4 Analysis of Heat Strain while Wearing Protective Clothing

5.3 A Human Thermal Model for Analyzing Thermal Stress during Firefighting

5.3.1 Physiological Variables

5.3.2 Validation of the Model

5.3.3 Modeling Ambient Conditions

5.3.4 Heat Load Imposed on Individuals by Fire

5.4 Results

5.4.1 Analysis of Thermal Injury of an Unprotected Individual from a Flash Fire

5.4.2 Analysis of the Effect of Heat Stress on Firefighters

5.5 Discussion and Conclusion

Chapter 6 Models of the Cardiovascular System

6.1 Purposes

6.2 History

6.3 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis

6.3.1 Geometric Similitude

6.3.2 Kinematic Similitude

6.3.3 Dynamic Similitude

6.3.4 Dimensional Analysis

6.4 Black Box Modeling

6.5 Lumped-Parameter Models

6.5.1 RC "Windkessel" Model

6.5.2 R-RC Modified Windkessel Model

6.5.3 Four-Element R-L-RC Model

6.5.4 Least-Squares Matching

6.5.5 Akaike Information Criterion

6.5.6 Dealing with Measurement Accuracy

6.6 Building Physical Systems

6.6.1 Creating Resistance, Compliance, and Inertance Elements for Physical Systems

6.6.1.1 Resistance

6.6.1.2 Compliance

6.6.1.3 Inertance

6.6.2 Survey of Physical Systems

6.6.2.1 Systems for Testing Artificial Hearts and Other Blood Pumps

6.6.2.2 Systems for Testing Prosthetic Valves.

6.6.2.3 Systems for Physiologic System Research and Clinical Training

6.7 Summary

Chapter 7 Lumped Parameter Modeling of Human Respiratory System

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Model Construction

7.3 Model Selection

7.4 Physiological Relevance of the Model Parameters

7.4.1 Parameter Identification

7.4.2 Estimation of Zm

7.5 Optimization for Parameter Estimation

7.6 Example: Potential Application in Clinics

7.7 Model Validation

7.8 Summary

Chapter 8 Inverse Heat Transfer for Biomedical Applications

8.1 Types of Heat Transfer Problems

8.2 Basic Considerations in Inverse Heat Transfer Problems

8.2.1 Physics-Based Mathematical Models

8.2.2 Measurements of the Internal State

8.2.3 External Source and Thermophysical Characteristics

8.3 Inverse Heat Transfer Solution Methods

8.3.1 Gradient-Based Methods

8.3.1.1 Function Specification

8.3.1.2 Regularization

8.3.1.3 Gauss-Newton Method

8.3.1.4 The Adjoint Method (Coupled with the Conjugate Gradient Method)

8.3.2 Evolutionary Algorithms and Other Non-Gradient-Based Methods

8.3.2.1 Genetic Algorithms

8.3.2.2 Other Non-Gradient-Based Methods

8.4 Applications of Inverse Solution Methods to Bioheat Transfer

8.4.1 Gradient-Based Methods

8.4.1.1 Gauss-Based methods

8.4.1.2 The Adjoint Method

8.4.2 Non-Gradient Methods

8.4.2.1 Evolutionary Algorithms

8.4.2.2 Non-Gradient Methods

8.4.2.3 Comparison Studies

8.5 Summary

Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Propagation of Light in Tissue

9.1 Light-Tissue Interaction

9.1.1 Reflection and Refraction

9.1.2 Absorption

9.1.3 Scattering

9.2 Light Propagation in Turbid Media

9.2.1 Diffusion Theory

9.2.2 Monte Carlo Simulation

9.2.3 Hybrid Theory

9.3 Practical Considerations.

9.3.1 Application to Biomedical Research

9.3.2 Safety Considerations

Acknowledgment

Chapter 10 Ultrasound Propagation in Tissue

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Ultrasound Physics

10.2.1 Linear Ultrasound Modeling

10.2.1.1 The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Integral

10.2.1.2 The Paraxial Approximation

10.2.1.3 Simple Expressions for Temperature Elevation by a Linear Field

10.2.2 Nonlinear Ultrasound Modeling

10.2.2.1 A Simple Model

10.2.2.2 Heating Due to Shocks

10.2.3 Cavitation

10.3 Numerical Simulation

10.3.1 Resolution

10.3.2 Splitting

10.3.3 Discretization

10.3.3.1 Spatial Discretization

10.3.3.2 Boundary Conditions

10.3.3.3 Evolution Variable Discretization

10.3.4 Software Packages

Chapter 11 Electromagnetic Waves and Fields in the Human Body in MRI

11.1 RF Waves at the Air-Body Boundary: Reflection and Refraction

11.1.1 Snell's Law of Refraction and Refraction Angles

11.1.2 RF Wave Reflection/Transmission Coefficients

11.1.3 Application of the Wave Theory to MRI

11.1.3.1 Dielectric Pad

11.1.3.2 Thin Dielectric Pad

11.1.3.3 Dielectric Board

11.2 Introduction to Finite-Difference-Time Domain

11.3 FDTD Simulation Steps and Setup

11.3.1 Cell Size

11.3.2 Time Step Size

11.3.3 FDTD Boundary and FDTD Space

11.3.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Frequency Resolution

11.4 RF Fields inside the Human Body

Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Distribution in Tissue with Conductive Devices

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Tissue

12.3 Interaction of Electric Fields with Passive Implants and Heating during MRI

12.4 Heating of an Implant by Coupling with a Time Varying Magnetic Field.

12.5 Scattering of Electric Fields by Active Implants and RF Heating during MRI

12.6 Transmission Line (Wave) Model for a Lead

12.6.1 Determination of Transmission Line Parameters from Transfer Function Measurements

12.6.2 Results of the Transmission Line Model for an Actual Lead

12.6.3 Electric Field Transfer Function for Heating at the Electrodes

12.6.4 Header Current Transfer Function

12.7 Hybrid Model of Calculation of RF Heating of a Lead

12.8 Discussion

Acknowledgement

Chapter 13 Techniques for Fast Computation

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Test Case

13.2.1 A Simple Bioheat Model

13.2.2 Numerical Method and Code Description

13.2.3 Model Output

13.2.4 Hardware Specifications

13.3 Issues, Techniques, and Results

13.3.1 X15 Code Performance

13.3.2 Vectorization and Data Streams

13.3.3 Memory Hierarchy

13.3.4 Thread Parallel

13.3.5 Distributed Memory Parallel

13.4 Summary

Chapter 14 Principles of Temperature Measurement with Temperature Probes in Bioheat Transfer Applications

14.1 Temperature Measurement

14.2 Thermometers

14.2.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer

14.2.2 Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

14.3 Thermistors

14.4 Thermocouples

14.5 Radiation Thermometry

14.6 Fiber-optic Temperature Sensors

Reference

Further Reading

Chapter 15 Non-Invasive Thermometry with Magnetic Resonance Imaging

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

15.2.1 Basic Principles

15.2.2 Boltzmann Distribution

15.2.3 Signal Generation/Radiofrequency Excitation

15.2.4 Relaxation Phenomenon

15.2.5 Signal Detection

15.2.6 Signal Localization

15.3 Magnetic Resonance Temperature Imaging

15.3.1 Proton Density and Signal Intensity.

15.3.2 Proton Resonance Frequency Shift (PRFS).

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119127321

1119127327

9781119127314

1119127319

9781119127420

1119127424

OCLC:

1006532153