Alginates : applications in the biomedical and food industries / edited by Shakeel Ahmed.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Ahmed, Shakeel, editor.

Series:

THEi Wiley ebooks

Standardized Title:

Alginates (Hoboken, N.J.)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biopolymers.

Alginates--Industrial applications.

Alginates.

Food additives.

Physical Description:

1 online resource

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : Scrivener Publishing : Wiley, 2019.

System Details:

Access using campus network via VPN at home (THEi Users Only).

Summary:

Alginate is a hydrophilic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and relatively economical polymer generally found in marine brown algae. The modification in the alginate molecule after polymerization has shown strong potential in biomedical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology applications such as wound dressing, drug delivery, dental treatment, in cell culture and tissue engineering. Besides this, alginates have industrial applications too in the paper and food industries as plasticizers and additives. The few books that have been published on alginates focus more on their biology. This current book focuses on the exploration of alginates and their modification, characterization, derivatives, composites, hydrogels as well as the new and emerging applications.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Part 1: Alginates-Introduction, Characterization and Properties

1 Alginates: General Introduction and Properties

1.1 Introduction

1.2 History

1.3 Structure

1.4 Alginates and Their Properties

1.4.1 Gel Formation

1.4.1.1 Ionic Alginate Gels

1.4.1.2 Alginic Acid Gels

1.4.2 Molecular Weight

1.4.3 Solubility and Viscosity

1.4.4 Ionic Cross-Linking

1.4.5 Chemical Properties

1.5 Sources

1.6 Biosynthesis of Bacterial Alginate

1.6.1 Precursor Synthesis

1.6.2 Polymerization and Cytoplasmic Membrane Transfer

1.6.3 Periplasmic Transfer and Modification

1.6.3.1 Transacetylases

1.6.3.2 Mannuronan C 5-Epimerases

1.6.3.3 Lyases

1.6.5 Export through the Outer Membrane

1.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Conflict of Interests

References

2 Alginates Production, Characterization and Modification

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Alginate: Production

2.2.1 Screening of Alginate-Producing Microbes

2.2.2 Production of Alginate by Bacteria

2.2.3 Production of Alginate by Pseudomonas

2.2.4 Production of Alginate by Azotobacter spp.

2.2.5 Influence of Medium Components

2.2.5.1 Effect of Nutrients on Bacterial Alginate Production

2.2.5.2 Effect of Phosphate on Bacterial Alginate Production

2.2.5.3 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Bacterial Alginate Production

2.2.5.4 Effect of Agitation in the Medium for the Production of Alginate

2.2.6 Commercial Production of Alginate

2.3 Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Alginate

2.3.1 Composition of Alginate Polymer Chains

2.3.2 XRD, FTIR, and NMR Spectroscopy for Alginate Structure Analysis

2.3.3 Rheology and Mechanical Characterization of Alginate Gels and Solutions

2.4 Modification of Alginates

2.4.1 Chemical Modification

2.4.2 Oxidation.

2.4.3 Sulfation

2.4.4 Phosphorylation

2.4.5 Graft Copolymerization

2.4.6 Esterification

2.4.7 Carbodiimide Coupling

2.4.8 Covalent Cross-Linking

2.5 Future Perspectives

2.6 Conclusions

3 Alginate: Recent Progress and Technological Prospects

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Structure

3.3 Sources

3.4 Characteristics of Alginate Salts

3.5 Properties

3.6 Applications

3.7 Future Perspectives

3.8 Advantages

3.9 Disadvantages

3.10 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

4 Alginate Hydrogel and Aerogel

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Alginate Hydrogel

4.2.1 Preparation of Alginate Hydrogels

4.2.1.1 Ionic Cross-Linking

4.2.1.2 Covalent Cross-Linking

4.2.1.3 Thermal Gelation

4.2.1.4 Cell Cross-Linking

4.2.2 Biomedical Applications

4.2.2.1 Pharmaceutical Applications

4.2.3 Tissue Regeneration with Protein and Cell Delivery

4.2.3.1 Blood Vessels

4.2.3.2 Bones

4.2.3.3 Cartilage

4.2.3.4 Muscle, Nerve, Pancreas, and Liver

4.3 Alginate Aerogel

4.3.1 Properties of Alginate Aerogels

4.3.1.1 Bulk Density and Pore Volume

4.3.1.2 Specific Surface Area

4.3.1.3 Compressibility

4.3.1.4 Thermal Conductivity and Absorption

4.3.2 Preparative Methods

4.4 Future Perspectives

Part 2: Alginates in Biomedical Applications

5 Alginate in Biomedical Applications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Chemical Structure and Properties of Alginate

5.3 Types of Interaction of Alginate

5.4 Biomedical Application of Alginates

5.5 Future Perspective of the Use and Biomedical Applications

6 Alginates in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application: A Critique

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Structure of Alginate

6.3 Different Types of Alginates Used in Pharmaceutical Industries

6.4 Properties of Alginate.

6.5 Pathway for the Biosynthesis of Alginate

6.6 Regulatory Consideration of Alginate

6.7 Applications

6.7.1 Other Applications

6.8 Conclusion

7 Alginates in Evolution of Restorative Dentistry

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Method of Alginate Extraction

7.3 Evolution of Alginate in Restorative Dentistry

7.3.1 Problems with Conventional Alginate

7.3.2 Current Trends and Modification of Alginate

7.3.2.1 Extended Pour Time Alginate

7.3.2.2 Dust-Free Alginates

7.3.2.3 Infection-Free Alginates

7.3.2.4 High Viscosity Alginates

7.3.2.5 Alginates in Two Pastes Form

7.3.2.6 Tray Adhesive Alginates

7.4 The Art of Impression Taking Using Alginates

7.4.1 Selection of Impression Trays

7.4.2 Mixing and Loading Alginates

7.4.3 Preparation of the Oral Cavity before Impression Taking

7.4.4 Impression Taking Using Alginate Material

7.4.5 Removal and Inspection of Alginate Material

7.4.6 Effects of Cast Production Techniques

7.5 Conclusions

8 Alginates in Drug Delivery

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Chemistry of Alginates

8.2.1 Hydrogel Formation by Alginates

8.2.1.1 Preparation of Hydrogel

8.3 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Chemistry of Alginates

8.3.1 Factors Governing Drug Encapsulation and Drug Delivery Processes

8.3.1.1 Delivery and Encapsulation of Small Drugs

8.3.1.2 Macromolecular Drug Delivery by Alginates

8.4 Conclusions

9 Alginate in Wound Care

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Sources and Synthesis of Alginate

9.3 Physicochemical Properties of the Alginate Biopolymer

9.4 Biomedical Applications of Alginate

9.4.1 Alginate in Wound Care

9.4.1.1 Pure Alginate Polymer-Based Wound Dressing

9.4.1.2 Intercellular Mediators Incorporated Alginate Polymer-Based Wound Dressing.

9.4.1.3 Zinc/Alginate- and Silver/Alginate-Based Wound Dressing

9.4.1.4 Chitosan/Alginate- and Collagen/Alginate-Based Wound Dressing

9.4.1.5 Alginate Fiber-Based Wound Dressing

9.4.1.6 Alginate Hydrogel-Based Wound Dressing

9.5 Opportunities and Future Thrust

10 Alginate-Based Biomaterials for Bio-Medical Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Alginate: General Properties

10.2.1 Chemical Properties, Structure, and Characterization

10.3 Extraction and Preparation

10.3.1 Gelation and Cross-Linking of Alginate

10.3.2 Ionic Cross-Linking

10.3.3 External Gelation

10.3.4 Internal Gelation

10.3.5 Covalent Cross-Linking

10.3.6 Large Bead Preparation

10.3.7 Microbead Preparation

10.4 Alginate Hydrogels

10.5 Photocross-Linking

10.6 Shape-Memory Alginate Scaffolds

10.7 Biodegradation of Alginate

10.8 Biomedical Application of Alginates

10.8.1 Controlled Chemical and Protein Drug Delivery

10.8.2 Wound/Injury Dressings

10.8.3 Cell Culture

10.8.4 Tissue Regeneration

Part 3: Alginates in Food Industry

11 Alginates for Food Packaging Applications

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Biopolymer in Food Industry

11.3 Alginates in Food Packaging

11.4 Biosynthesis of Alginate

11.5 Application of Alginate in Formation of Biofilm

11.5.1 Preparation of Packaging Films

11.5.2 Role of Alginate in Biofilm Formation

11.6 Packaging Properties of Alginate

11.6.1 Thermostability of Alginate Packaging

11.6.2 Water Solubility

11.6.3 Water Vapor Permeability

11.6.4 Tensile Strength

11.6.5 Oxygen Permeability

11.6.6 Barrier Property

11.6.7 Antimicrobial Activity

11.7 Effect of Alginate on the Quality of Food

11.8 Interaction between Food and Alginates

11.9 Environmental Effects on Alginate Packaging

11.10 Market Outlook.

11.11 Conclusion

12 Potential Application of Alginates in the Beverage Industry

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Alginate Source

12.3 Extraction of Alginates

12.4 Physical, Chemical and Functional Properties of Alginate

12.5 Uses as a Food Additive/Ingredient

12.6 Alginate as Stabilizer

12.7 As Encapsulating Wall Material

12.7.1 Immobilization of Biocatalysts

12.7.2 Probiotics

12.7.3 Improvement of the Alginate Encapsulation: Prebiotics Addition

12.8 Conclusion

13 Alginates in Comestibles

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Alginates in Agricultural Marketing

13.3 Use of Alginates in Food Industry

13.3.1 Thickeners and Gelling Agents

13.3.2 Stabilizers and Emulsifiers

13.3.3 Texturizers

13.3.4 Encapsulation

13.3.5 Food Coating

13.4 Use of Alginates for Pets

13.5 Effect of Dietary Alginates

13.6 Alginate Safety

13.7 Conclusion

Part 4: Alginates Future Prospects

14 Alginates: Current Uses and Future Perspective

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Sources of Alginate Synthesis

14.2.1 Brown Seaweeds

14.2.2 Bacteria

14.3 Synthesis of Alginate

14.3.1 Alginate Biosynthesis Gene

14.4 Properties of Alginates

14.4.1 Molecular Weight

14.4.2 Solubility

14.4.3 Stability

14.4.4 Ionic Binding Property

14.4.5 Gel Formation Ability

14.4.6 Biological Properties

14.5 Application of Alginates

14.6 Future Perspectives of Alginates

14.6.1 3D-Based Cell Culture Systems

14.6.2 Impressions

14.6.3 Cell-Based Microparticles

14.6.4 Alginate Oligosaccharides

14.6.5 Drug Targeting

14.6.6 Nanoparticulate Systems

14.7 Conclusion

Index

EULA.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119487975

1119487978

9781119487999

1119487994

9781119487982

1119487986

OCLC:

1083692922