Weed research : expanding horizons / edited by Paul E. Hatcher and Robert J. Froud-Williams.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Hatcher, Paul (Paul E.), editor.

Froud-Williams, R. J., editor.

Series:

THEi Wiley ebooks.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Weeds--Research.

Weeds.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (479 pages) : illustrations (some color), maps

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chichester, England : Wiley, 2017.

System Details:

Access using campus network via VPN at home (THEi Users Only).

Summary:

This book presents the most up-to-date and comprehensive guide to the current and potential future state of weed science and research. Weeds have a huge effect on the world by reducing crop yield and quality, delaying or interfering with harvesting, interfering with animal feeding (including poisoning), reducing animal health and preventing water flow. They are common across the world and cost billions of dollars' worth of crop losses year on year, as well as billions of dollars in the annual expense of controlling them. An understanding of weeds is vital to their proper management and control, without which the reduction in crop yields that they would cause could lead to mass starvation across the globe. Topics covered include weed biology and ecology, control of weeds and particular issues faced in their control. Authored and edited by internationally renowned scientists in the field all of whom are actively involved in European Weed Research Society working groups, this succinct overview covers all the relevant aspects of the science of weeds. Weed Research: Expanding Horizons is the perfect resource for botanists, horticultural scientists, agronomists, weed scientists, plant protection specialists and agrochemical company personnel.

Contents:

Intro

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1 Weed Science Research: Past, Present and Future Perspectives

Introduction

Factors Influencing the Weed Flora

Succession

Clean Seed

Rotation

Fallow

Cultivation

Straw Burning

Soil Amelioration, Drainage and Fertiliser Use

Nitrogen

Herbicides

Consequences of Changing Practices

Changing Weed Floras

Episodic Decline

Weed Spatial Distribution

History of Weed Science in the UK and Origins of the Weed Research Organization

Origins of the European Weed Research Society

Weed Research (Journal): Origin of Papers and Discipline

Changing Attitudes to Weeds

Set-Aside and Agri-Environment

Weeds, Climate and Invasive Aliens

Future Directions (Quo Vadis?)

Environmental Weed Management

Evolutionary Genetics and the Role of Molecular Ecology

Is there a Need for a Change of Emphasis?

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 2 Descriptive and Mechanistic Models of Crop-Weed Competition

Descriptive Models for Yield Loss Due to Weed Competition

The Hyperbolic Yield Loss-Weed Density Curve

Accounting for Differences in Relative Time of Emergence

Other Factors Influencing Parameter i

Management Aimed at Modifying Crop-Weed Competitive Relations

A Quantitative Characterisation of Differences in Weed‐Suppressive Ability of Crop Cultivars

Mechanistic Models for Crop-Weed Competition

Structure and Function of Process‐Based Models for Crop-Weed Competition

A First Application: Ideotyping of More Weed‐Suppressive Cultivars

A Second Application: Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on Weed Distribution

Chapter 3 Approaches and Objectives of Arable Weed Species Mapping: Where Next?

Weed Species Mapping: Why?.

Scientific Literature: State of the Art

Mapping Herbicide-resistant Biotypes

Mapping Invasive Species

Weed Species Mapping: Who?

Weed Species Mapping: Where and What?

Maps of Weeds in European Arable Crops

Field-Level Mapping

Weed Species Mapping: How?

Geo-Referencing

Timing of Assessment

Sampling Parameters

Documentation and Maps

What to Conclude from Weed Mapping Data?

Weed Mapping: Where to Go?

Chapter 4 Seed Biology and Population Dynamics

Seed Biology

Seed Production and Dispersal

Seed-Bank

Germination and Dormancy

Germination

Dormancy

Sprouting from Vegetative Plant Parts

Predicting Seedling Emergence

Empirical Models

Mechanistic Models

Challenges in Predicting Emergence

Importance for Weed Control

Population Dynamics

Dynamics in Time and Space

Modelling

Non-Spatial Models

Spatial Models

Practical Applications in Weed Science

Evaluation of Management Systems

Decision Support Systems

Challenges in Modelling Population Dynamics

Future Prospects

Chapter 5 Weeds and Biodiversity

Arable Weeds in the Context of Biodiversity

Functional Biodiversity

Agronomic Services and Dis-services Associated with Weeds

Genetic Diversity in Weeds

Rare Weed Species as Objects of Conservation

Drivers of Arable Weed Declines

The Rare Weed Trait Syndrome

Conserving Rare Weed Communities

Weeds in Food Chains of Arable Systems

Factors Influencing Seed-based Food Webs in Agroecosystems

Weed Seed Production

Within-season Temporal Variability

Between-season Temporal Variability

Spatial Variability

Seed Morphology and Chemistry

Weed Diversity.

Current Status of Seed‐Based Food Webs on Farms and Management Options

Diversity of Weeds and Arable Management

Site Conditions of Arable Fields Shape Weed Communities

Methods to Identify and Separate the Influence of Arable Site and Arable Management on Weed Diversity

Arable Management Determines Weed Diversity

Weed Diversity Versus Weed Abundance

Diversity in Weeds Facilitates Management Options

Diversity of Weeds in a Landscape Context

The Landscape Context of Weeds

Conducting Landscape-Scale Weed Studies

Landscape Effects on Weed Biodiversity: Empirical Evidence

Biodiversity of Weeds in an Economic and Political Context

Field Margin Programmes

Encouraging Weed Diversity in Farming

Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 6 Optimising Herbicide Performance

Herbicide Classification

Optimising Herbicide Performance: How to Study It

Biotic Factors

Weed Flora

Weed Growth Stage

Crop Competition

Abiotic Factors

Soil Texture

Climatic Conditions

Light

Temperature

Humidity

Precipitation

Soil moisture

Wind

Concluding Remarks

Application Technique

Adjuvants

Mixtures with Other Herbicides

Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges

Chapter 7 Herbicide Resistance in Weeds

Historical Perspective

What is Herbicide Resistance?

The Worldwide Occurrence of Resistant Weeds

Herbicide Mode of Action and Risk of Resistance

Resistance Mechanisms

Target-Site Resistance

PSII (Triazines)

ALS Inhibitors

ACCase Inhibitors

Other Herbicide Classes

Non-Target-Site Resistance

Reduced Herbicide Uptake

Reduced Herbicide Translocation

Enhanced Herbicide Metabolism

Evolution of Herbicide Resistance

Initial Frequency of the Resistance Trait and Size of Weed Population.

Genetic Basis of Resistance

Selection Pressure

Frequency of Herbicide Use

Persistence of the Herbicide and Pattern of Weed Emergence

Intrinsic Activity of the Herbicide and Degree of Resistance Conferred by the Resistance Mechanism(s)

Specificity of the Herbicide: Number of Species the Herbicide Controls

Seed-Bank in the Soil

Resistance Risk

Prevention and Management of Herbicide Resistance

Detection of Resistance in the Field

Integrated Weed Management

Non-Chemical Control Methods

Herbicidal Control

Alternative Herbicides

Mixtures, Sequences and Rotations

Managing Resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides (Black‐grass): A Case Study

Farmer Psychology: An Under‐Recognised Component of Resistance Management

Chapter 8 Weed Biological Control

Definitions of Weed Biocontrol

Biocontrol of Weeds in European Extensive Agriculture

Cirsium arvense

Rumex Species

Biocontrol of Weeds in Intensive Agriculture

Biocontrol of Non‐Native Weeds

Ambrosia

In Summary

Combining Biocontrol with Other Weed Control Techniques

Combining with Other Non‐Chemical Control Methods

Combination with Herbicides

Arthropod Biocontrol Agents

Fungal Biocontrol Agents

Legislation, Responsibilities and Drivers

Arthropods

Fungi

Chapter 9 Non-Chemical Weed Management

Preventive and Cultural Weed Control

Objectives, Principles and Practices

Objective 1: Reduce Weed Density

Objective 2: Reduce Damage Per Surviving Weed

Objective 3: Prevent Undesirable Shifts in Weed Community Composition

Current Adoption and Challenges

Cover Crops and Mulches

Mechanisms of Cover Crop-weed Interactions

Challenges for Research

Mechanical Weed Control

How it Works

Shortcomings.

Challenges for Research

Thermal Weed Control

Thermal Weed Control in Practice

Chapter 10 Invasive Plants

Why Do Invasive Plants Symbolise such a Threat?

Invasive Weeds and Human Health

Giant Hogweed

Weedy Crops, Super Weeds and Mimetic Weeds

Invasive Aquatic Weeds

Human Intervention

Human Curiosity

Reasons for Increased Occurrence of Invasive Weeds

Responsibility

Scientific Prioritisation

Popular Prioritisation

Implementation

Facts Concerning Plant Invasion

The Early Beginnings

Changing Land Use and Fishery

Rapid Adaptation

Weeds, Invasives and Climate Change

What Makes Plant Invaders so Successful?

Can We Predict Plant Invasions?

What Has Been Done so Far?

Databases

European Initiative

European Food Safety Agency (EFSA)

Euphresco

SMARTER

Role of the EWRS Invasive Plants Working Group

Mission

Working Group Activities

Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal, 2006

Osijek, Croatia, 2008

Ascona, Switzerland, 2011

Montpellier, France, 2014

EPPO Trabzon

NEOBIOTA

Aquatic Weeds

Definitions and Plant Lists

Definitions

Weed

Invasive Plant

Plant Invader

Invasion Trajectory

Invasive Species Lists

Control Strategies for Invasive Weeds

Biological Control Versus Conventional Control

Learning to Control Invasions

Social and Economic Aspects

Anthriscus

Japanese Knotweed

Bracken

Strategies

Prevention

Early Detection

Rapid Response

Pest Risk Assessment

Species-Specific Control

Chapter 11 Parasitic Weeds

Classification

Orobanchaceae (Broomrape Family)

Cuscuta

Life-Cycle

Broomrapes

Dodder.

Distribution at the European Level, Host Range and Yield Losses.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119380603

111938060X

9781119380702

1119380707

9781119380597

1119380596

OCLC:

974035732