Biodiesel Production Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects Task Committee

Contributor:

Tyagi, R. D., Editor.

Surampalli, Rao Y, Editor.

Zhang, Tian C, Editor.

Yan, Song, Editor.

Zhang, Xiaolei, Editor.

American Society of Civil Engineers . Environmental Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute. Biodiesel production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Engineering, contributor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biodiesel fuels.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (695 pages)

Place of Publication:

Reston, Virginia : American Society of Civil Engineers, [2019]

Summary:

Sponsored by the Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Engineering of the Environmental Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCEBiodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects presents approaches, technologies, and source materials for biodiesel production, as well as socioeconomic and political impacts of biodiesel applications. As industrialization and population increases, the need for energy is also increasing. Petroleum diesel is a major fuel source worldwide that possesses many disadvantages including decreasing fossil fuel reserves and increasing atmospheric pollution. These pollutants have significant negative impacts on the global environment and human health. Thus, it is imperative to develop alternate fuels and renewable sources of energy that are environmentally sustainable, with biodegradability, low toxicity, and renewability and are less reliant on petroleum products.This book presents a detailed overview of the benefits, impacts, and production of biodiesel. Topics includeHistory, composition, physicochemical properties, and standards; General methods and applications of raw materials;Extraction of lipids from the oil-bearing materials;Nanotechnology and genetic engineering;Conventional methods and use of resins and adsorbents for purification; Management of coproducts; Economic evaluation and environmental impacts; andSocioeconomic and political considerations. Researchers, scientists, engineers, students, policy makers, and government officials will find this book to be an essential reference of comprehensive information on biodiesel production.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Preface

Contributing Authors

About the Editors

Chapter 1: Biodiesel Basics

1.1 Biodiesel History

1.2 Properties of Biodiesel

1.2.1 Chemical Composition

1.2.2 Cetane Number

1.2.3 Oxidative Stability

1.2.4 Heat of Combustion

1.2.5 Density of Biodiesel

1.2.6 Viscosity of Biodiesel

1.2.7 Cold Flow Properties

1.2.8 Iodine Value

1.3 Biodiesel Standards

1.4 Biodiesel versus Other Biorefinery Products

1.5 Biodiesel Blending, Storage, and Transport

1.5.1 Biodiesel Blending

1.5.2 Storage and Transport

1.6 Performance of Biodiesel as a Fuel and Demonstration of its Usage

References

Chapter 2: Biodiesel: Variations, Properties, and Comparison with Diesel

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Variations in Biodiesel

2.3 Physicochemical Aspects

2.4 Contaminants in Biodiesel

2.5 Particulate Emissions

2.6 Conclusions

Chapter 3: Biodiesel Production by Transesterification

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Transesterification of Oil/Fat to Biodiesel

3.2.1 Catalyst Impact

3.2.2 Effect of Alcohol Type

3.2.3 Effect of Oil Type

3.2.4 Alcohol-to-Oil Ratio

3.2.5 Assisted Transesterification

3.3 Transesterification of Oil-Bearing Substances to Biodiesel

3.4 Biodiesel Production

3.5 Summary

3.6 Acknowledgments

Chapter 4: Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification for Biodiesel Production

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Feedstocks and General Methods for Biodiesel Production

4.2.1 Potential Feedstocks

4.2.2 Overview of Transesterification Methods

4.3 Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification for Biodiesel Production

4.3.1 Sources of Lipases

4.3.2 Lipase Enzyme Production

4.3.3 Reaction Mechanism of Lipase-Assisted Transesterification

4.3.4 Extracellular Lipases

4.3.5 Intracellular Lipases and Whole-Cell Immobilization.

4.3.6 Parameters Affecting Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterifications

4.3.7 Immobilization of Lipases for Transesterification

4.3.8 Reactors for Immobilized Lipase-Based Transesterification

4.4 Cost Analysis of Immobilized Lipase-Based Transesterification

4.5 Summary

Chapter 5: Plant Oil to Biodiesel

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production

5.2.1 Commonly Used Edible Oils

5.2.2 Commonly Used Nonedible Oils

5.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Plant Oils

5.4 Transesterification Processes of Plant Oils

5.4.1 Homogeneously Catalyzed Transesterification Process

5.4.2 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Transesterification Process

5.4.3 Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification Process

5.4.4 Supercritical Transesterification Process

5.5 Challenges in Biodiesel Production from Plant Oils

5.6 Future Work and Prospects

5.7 Summary

Chapter 6: Animal Fat Biodiesel

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Sources of Animal Fats for Biodiesel Production

6.2.1 Edible and Inedible Tallow Products

6.2.2 Lard Products

6.2.3 Poultry Fat

6.2.4 Fish Waste

6.3 Comparative Studies of Free Fatty Acids

6.4 Effect of Metals on Tallow, Lard, Poultry, and Fish Fat

6.5 Conversion of Animal Fats into Biodiesel Using Charcoal and CO2

6.5.1 Using CO2

6.5.2 Using Charcoal

6.6 Measuring the Economic Impact of Animal Fat Biodiesel

6.7 Pros and Cons of Animal Fat Biodiesel

6.8 Summary

6.9 Acknowledgments

Chapter 7: Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Sources of Waste Cooking Oil

7.3 Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

7.3.1 Factors Affecting Waste Cooking Oil

7.3.2 Transesterification

7.3.3 Purification of Biodiesel

7.4 Comparison between Waste Cooking Oil and Virgin Oil.

7.5 Cost Analysis of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

7.6 Summary

Chapter 8: Microalgae Oil Biodiesel

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Microalgae for Biodiesel Production

8.2.1 Microalgae Diversity

8.2.2 Composition of Microalgae Oil

8.2.3 Microalgae Oil Content and Productivities

8.3 Impact Factors of Microalgae Production and Oil Accumulation

8.3.1 Microalgae Strain

8.3.2 Nutrient Source

8.3.3 Cultivation Conditions

8.4 Microalgae Cultivation Systems

8.4.1 Open Pond Cultivation System

8.4.2 Closed Photobioreactor Cultivation System

8.4.3 Hybrid Cultivation Systems

8.5 Microalgae Biomass Harvest

8.6 Possibility of Microalgae Biodiesel

8.7 Summary

Chapter 9: Single Cell Oil Biodiesel

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Characteristics of Single Cell Oil

9.3 Oleaginous Microorganisms for Single Cell Oil Production

9.4 Substrates Utilized for Single Cell Oil Production

9.5 Factors Affecting Production of Single Cell Oil

9.6 Degradation of Lipids in Carbon Limitation

9.7 Biochemistry of Single Cell Oil Production in Yeast

9.7.1 Fatty Acid Synthesis

9.7.2 Glycerol Backbone Synthesis

9.7.3 Triacylglycerol Synthesis

9.7.4 Single Cell Oil Production Pathway from Hydrophobic Substrates

9.8 Genetic Engineering for Single Cell Oil Production

9.9 Cost and Economic Consideration in Single Cell Oil Production

9.10 Challenges and Prospects

9.11 Summary

Chapter 10: Biodiesel Production from Oleaginous Microorganisms with Organic Wastes as Raw Materials

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Organic Wastes for Oleaginous Microorganism Cultivation

10.2.1 Bioconversion of Agriculture Wastes to Biodiesel

10.2.2 Bioconversion of Industrial Wastes to Biodiesel

10.2.3 Bioconversion of Residential Wastes to Biodiesel.

10.3 Parameters Affecting Lipid Accumulation

10.3.1 pH Effects

10.3.2 Temperature Effects

10.3.3 DO Agitation and Aeration Effects

10.3.4 C/N Ratio Effects

10.3.5 Trace Elements Effect

10.3.6 Fermentation Mode Effects

10.4 Case Studies

10.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives

10.6 Summary

10.7 Acknowledgments

Chapter 11: Oil Extraction Using Wastewater Sludge

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Methods of Sludge Disposal

11.2.1 Agricultural Reuse

11.2.2 Incineration

11.2.3 Scum Disposal

11.3 Sludge Characterization

11.4 Valuable Products from Wastewater Sludge

11.5 Recent Studies on Oil Extraction Using Wastewater Sludge

11.5.1 Thermochemical: Pyrolysis

11.5.2 Mechanical-Chemical

11.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Oil Extraction Processes

11.7 Comparison of Sludge-Based Oil with Other Oils

11.8 Techno-Economic Evaluation

11.8.1 Thermochemical

11.8.2 Mechanical-Chemical

11.9 Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives

11.9.1 In Situ Transesterification

11.9.2 Nanoparticles for Oil Extraction

11.10 Conclusions

Chapter 12: Biodiesel Production Using Fermented Wastewater Sludge-Derived Lipids

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Characteristics of Wastewater Sludge

12.3 Biodiesel from Wastewater Sludge-Derived Lipids

12.4 Factors Affecting Lipid Production Using Wastewater Sludge

12.5 Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Microorganisms Fed with Sludge

12.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives

12.7 Summary

Chapter 13: Conversion of Crude Glycerol to Lipid and Biodiesel

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Characteristics and Composition of Crude Glycerol

13.3 Rationale for Use of Crude Glycerol in Lipid Production

13.4 Metabolism for Glycerol Uptake

13.5 Recent Studies on Lipid Production from Crude Glycerol.

13.5.1 Selection of Strains Utilizing Crude Glycerol

13.5.2 Fermentation Cultivation Mode

13.5.3 Optimization of C/N Ratio, Media Components, and Fermentation Parameters

13.5.4 Pretreatment of Crude Glycerol

13.5.5 Coculture System for Lipid Production

13.5.6 Other Studies

13.6 Analysis of Studies Reported in Literature

13.6.1 Fermentation Profiles for Reported Studies

13.7 Major Findings from Previous Studies and Future Perspectives

13.7.1 Treatment of Crude Glycerol

13.7.2 Selection of Cultivation Mode

13.7.3 Optimization of Media Components

13.7.4 Optimization of Fermentation Parameters

13.7.5 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Selected Strains

13.8 Summary

Chapter 14: Lignocellulosic Biomass: The Future Renewable Low-Cost Carbon Source for Microbial Lipid Production

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Lipid Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass

14.2.1 Lipids from Lignocellulose-Derived Sugars

14.2.2 Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass

14.2.3 Saccharification of Cellulose and Hemicellulose Polymer

14.3 Fermentation

14.3.1 Organisms that Can Grow on LCB Hydrolysates

14.4 Types of Fermentation for Lipid Production

14.4.1 Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation

14.4.2 Fed-Batch and Continuous Fermentation

14.4.3 Carbon Source Assimilation and Lipid Accumulation by M. isabellina in Corn Fiber Hydrolysate

14.4.4 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Using Filamentous Fungus

14.4.5 Co-utilization of Fermentable Sugars in Lignocellulosic Biomass Hydrolysate

14.5 Pretreatment Inhibitors and Their Effect on Microbial Growth and Lipid Accumulation

14.6 Summary

Chapter 15: Lipid Extraction Technologies

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Cell Disruption

15.3 Physical Technologies of Lipid Separation

15.3.1 Expeller Pressing.

15.3.2 Thermal Extraction.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Print version record.

ISBN:

1-5231-2925-5

0-7844-8228-4