Natural gas processing from midstream to downstream / edited by Nimir O. Elbashir [and three others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Elbashir, Nimir O., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Natural gas.

Chemical processes.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (587 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st edition

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiely, 2019.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

A comprehensive review of the current status and challenges for natural gas and shale gas production, treatment and monetization technologies Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream presents an international perspective on the production and monetization of shale gas and natural gas. The authors review techno-economic assessments of the midstream and downstream natural gas processing technologies. Comprehensive in scope, the text offers insight into the current status and the challenges facing the advancement of the midstream natural gas treatments. Treatments covered include gas sweeting processes, sulfur recovery units, gas dehydration and natural gas pipeline transportation. The authors highlight the downstream processes including physical treatment and chemical conversion of both direct and indirect conversion. The book also contains an important overview of natural gas monetization processes and the potential for shale gas to play a role in the future of the energy market, specifically for the production of ultra-clean fuels and value-added chemicals. This vital resource: Provides fundamental chemical engineering aspects of natural gas technologies Covers topics related to upstream, midstream and downstream natural gas treatment and processing Contains well-integrated coverage of several technologies and processes for treatment and production of natural gas Highlights the economic factors and risks facing the monetization technologies Discusses supply chain, environmental and safety issues associated with the emerging shale gas industry Identifies future trends in educational and research opportunities, directions and emerging opportunities in natural gas monetization Includes contributions from leading researchers in academia and industry Written for Industrial scientists, academic researchers and government agencies working on developing and sustaining state-of-the-art technologies in gas and fuels production and processing, Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream provides a broad overview of the current status and challenges for natural gas production, treatment and monetization technologies.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

About the Editors

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural Gas Monetization

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Natural Gas Chain

1.3 Monetization Routes for Natural Gas

1.3.1 Large Industries and Power Plants

1.3.2 Small/Medium Industries and Commercial Users

1.3.3 Residential

1.3.4 Natural Gas Export

1.3.4.1 Pipeline Export

1.3.4.2 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

1.4 Natural Gas Conversion to Chemicals and Fuels

1.5 Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 2 Techno‐Economic Analyses and Policy Implications of Environmental Remediation of Shale Gas Wells in the Barnett Shales

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Framing the Issues: The Energy and Environmental Equation

2.1.2 Well Lifecycle Analysis and Environmental Impacts

2.2 Shale Gas Operations

2.2.1 Summary of Shale Gas Operations

2.2.2 Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Impacts

2.2.2.1 Fresh Water Consumption

2.2.2.2 Transportation and Disposal of Produced Water

2.2.3 Fuel Usage

2.2.4 Seismicity and Seismic Implications

2.3 The Barnett Shale

2.4 Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Natural Gas as a Fuel

2.4.1 Single Fuel, Bi‐Fuel, or Dual Fuel

2.4.2 Forms of Natural Gas

2.4.3 Environmental Impact

2.5 Environmental Remediation of Water and Seismic Impacts

2.5.1 Waterless Fracturing

2.5.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Fracturing

2.5.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Fracturing

2.5.2 Recycling Produced Water

2.5.2.1 Fracturing with Produced Water

2.5.2.2 Treating Wastewater

2.6 Theoretical Calculations

2.6.1 Current Operations

2.6.1.1 Key Assumptions

2.6.1.2 Fuel Usage by Well

2.6.1.3 Annual Fuel Usage and Costs

2.6.1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fuel Burn

2.6.1.5 Hydraulic Fracturing Impacts.

2.6.2 Operations after Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gases

2.6.2.1 Conversion to Dual Fuel Systems

2.6.2.2 Environmental Improvements

2.6.3 Operations after Environmental Remediation of Hydraulic Fracturing

2.6.3.1 Waterless Fracturing

2.6.3.2 Environmental Improvements

2.6.4 Net Present Value and Expected Capital Outlay

2.7 Results and Discussion

2.7.1 Improved Operations with Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2.7.1.1 Capital Investment Analysis

2.7.1.2 Broader Economic and Environmental Benefits

2.7.2 Improved Operations with Alternative Fracturing Fluids

2.7.2.1 Cost of Alternative Fracturing Fluids

2.7.2.2 Availability of Salt Water Disposal Sites

2.7.2.3 Fracturing with CO2 vs. LPG

2.7.2.4 Flowback and Recycling of Fracturing Fluid

2.7.2.5 Seismic Implications

2.7.2.6 Unlocking Arid and Water Sensitive Shales

2.7.2.7 Broader Economic and Environmental Benefits

2.7.3 Environmental and Microeconomic Impacts of Combined Technology Alternatives

2.8 Opportunities for Future Research

Chapter 3 Thermodynamic Modeling of Natural Gas and Gas Condensate Mixtures

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Thermodynamic Models

3.2.1 Peng‐Robinson EoS

3.2.2 PC‐SAFT EoS

3.2.3 UMR‐PRU

3.3 Prediction of Natural Gas Dew Points

3.3.1 Synthetic Natural Gases

3.3.2 Real Natural Gases

3.4 Prediction of Dew Points and Liquid Dropout in Gas Condensates

3.4.1 Synthetic Gas Condensates

3.4.2 Real Gas Condensates

3.4.2.1 Characterization of the Plus Fraction

3.4.2.2 Dew Point Predictions

3.5 Case Study: Simulation of a Topside Offshore Process

3.6 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 4 CO2 Injection in Coal Formations for Enhanced Coalbed Methane and CO2 Sequestration

4.1 Coalbed Characteristics

4.2 Adsorption Isotherm Behavior.

4.3 Coal Wettability

4.4 CO2 Injectivity

4.5 Pilot Field Tests

4.6 Conclusions

Chapter 5 Fluid Flow: Basics

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Thermodynamics of Fluids

5.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics

5.2.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.2.3 Heat Capacity

5.2.4 Properties of a Perfect Gas

5.2.5 Equations of State

5.3 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics

5.3.1 Continuity Equation

5.3.2 Momentum Balance

5.3.3 Bernoulli's Equation

5.3.4 Mechanical Energy Balance

5.3.5 Total Energy Balance

5.3.6 Speed of Sound

5.4 Incompressible Pipeline Flow

5.4.1 Reynolds Number

5.4.2 Friction Factor

5.4.3 K‐Factors for Fittings

5.4.4 Fouling Factor

5.4.5 Other Head Loss and Gain Terms

5.4.6 Example Application

5.5 Laminar Flow

5.6 Compressible Pipeline Flow

5.6.1 Introductory Remarks

5.6.2 Isothermal Flow

5.6.3 Bernoulli Approximation

5.6.4 Isentropic Flow

5.6.5 Polytropic Flow

5.6.6 Adiabatic Flow

5.6.7 Choked Flow

5.6.8 Rationalization with Bernoulli's Equation

5.6.9 Example Application

5.7 Comparison with Crane Handbook

Chapter 6 Fluid Flow: Advanced Topics

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Notation

6.3 Piping Networks

6.3.1 Network Flow

6.3.2 Stagnation Pressure and Temperature

6.3.2.1 Incompressible

6.3.2.2 Isothermal

6.3.2.3 Isentropic

6.3.2.4 Adiabatic

6.3.3 Flow Between Vessels

6.3.3.1 Incompressible

6.3.3.2 Compressible

6.3.4 The System of Equations

6.3.5 Example Application

6.4 Meters

6.4.1 Incompressible Flow Through a Meter

6.4.2 Compressible Flow Through a Meter

6.4.3 Individual Meter Types

6.4.3.1 Orifice Meter

6.4.3.2 Flow Nozzle

6.4.3.3 Venturi Tube

6.4.4 Choked Flow Through a Meter

6.4.4.1 Critical Pressure Ratio

6.4.4.2 Maximum Flow Rate

6.4.5 Example Problem.

6.5 Control Valves

6.5.1 Incompressible Flow Through a Control Valve

6.5.2 Compressible Flow Through a Control Valve

6.5.3 Example Problem

6.6 Two‐Phase Gas‐Liquid Flow

6.6.1 Introductory Remarks

6.6.2 The Method of Dukler and Taitel

6.6.3 Pressure Drop in Two‐Phase Flow

6.6.4 The Homogeneous Flow Model

6.6.5 Temperature Effects

6.6.6 Comment on the Effect of Change in Elevation

6.6.7 Isothermal Flow

6.6.8 Isentropic Flow

6.6.9 Adiabatic Flow

Chapter 7 Use of Process Simulators Upstream Through Midstream

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 The Origin of Hydrocarbon Process Simulation

7.1.2 What Is a Process Simulator?

7.2 Upstream

7.2.1 Down Hole PVT

7.2.2 Well Site

7.2.3 Pipelines

7.2.4 Compressor/Pump Stations

7.2.5 Methanol/Ethylene Glycol Injection

7.2.6 Tanks

7.3 Midstream

7.3.1 Amine Sweetening

7.3.2 Sulfur Recovery

7.3.3 Tail Gas Treatment

7.3.4 Sour Water Stripper

7.3.5 Incinerator/Flare

7.3.6 Glycol Dehydration

7.3.7 NGL Recovery

7.3.8 NGL Fractionation

7.4 Going Further

Acknowledgement

Chapter 8 Optimization of Natural Gas Network Operation under Uncertainty

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Literature Review

8.3 Natural Gas Supply Chains

8.4 Optimization Model

8.4.1 Mathematical Notation

8.4.2 Considering Gas Quality in Natural Gas Production Operation

8.4.3 Model for the Natural Gas Network System

8.4.3.1 Model for the Sources

8.4.3.2 Model for Mixing Stations

8.4.3.3 Model for End Users

8.4.3.4 Pressure Model

8.4.3.5 Pipeline Performance Model

8.4.3.6 Compression Performance model

8.5 Computation Study

8.5.1 Implementation

8.5.2 Case Study and Description

8.6 Results and Discussion

8.7 Conclusions and Recommendations

Appendix.

8.A.1 Stochastic Model for the Sources

8.A.2 Stochastic Model for Mixing Stations

8.A.3 Stochastic Model for End Users

8.A.4 Stochastic Pipeline Performance Model

8.A.5 Stochastic Compression Performance Model

Chapter 9 A Multicriteria Optimization Approach to the Synthesis of Shale Gas Monetization Supply Chains

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Methodology

9.3 Case Study

9.3.1 Problem Statement

9.3.2 Environmental and Safety Metrics

9.3.3 Objectives of the Case Study

9.4 Case Study Results

9.4.1 Feedstock

9.4.2 Conversion Technologies

9.4.3 Base Case Product Prices

9.4.4 Plant Costs and Capacity Limits

9.4.5 Base Case Solution

9.4.6 Reduced Methanol Price Case Results

9.4.7 Reduced Urea Price Case Results

9.4.8 Base Case Environmental Considerations

9.4.9 Base Case Safety Considerations

9.5 Conclusion

Chapter 10 Study for the Optimal Operation of Natural Gas Liquid Recovery and Natural Gas Production

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Methodology Framework

10.3 New Process Design for NGL Recovery

10.3.1 Demethanizer

10.3.2 J‐T Expansion

10.3.3 Turboexpander

10.3.4 Refrigeration

10.3.5 Compression

10.4 Thermodynamic Analysis for Propane Refrigeration System

10.4.1 Liquefaction Process Analysis

10.4.2 Simulation Results and Thermodynamic Analysis

10.5 Optimization for Natural Gas Liquefaction

10.5.1 Optimization Model Development

10.5.1.1 Objective Function

10.5.1.2 Pressure Ratio Constraints

10.5.1.3 Heat Transfer Constraints

10.5.1.4 Energy Balance Constraints

10.5.1.5 Other Constraints

10.5.2 Optimization Results

10.5.2.1 Optimization Results of Propane Cycle

10.5.2.2 Optimization Results of Compressor and Condenser

10.5.2.3 Demethanizer Pressure and Ethane Recovery

10.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations.

Nomenclature.

Notes:

Includes index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119269632

1119269636

9781119269625

1119269628

9781119269618

111926961X

OCLC:

1051779172